GEOG 111 1st Edition Lecture 37 Outline of Last Lecture I II III IV V Tornadoes and their attributes a Tornado Strength Tornado development Geographic distribution Seasonal Distribution Tornado damage and safety Outline of Current Lecture I II Topics covered on the final exam Weather patterns associated with greatest extremes Current Lecture I II III IV V VI Weather forecasting a Forecast skill b Forecast specificity Water in the Atmosphere a Phase changes of water b Sensible and latent heating c Relative humidity and dew point temperature d Sensible and latent heat fluxes Vertical Air Motions a Adiabatic temperature changes b Types of lifting c Atmospheric stability do not need to know values of ELR DALR WALR however need to identify r ships between stability and vertical temperature changes Circumpolar Vortex Jet Stream a Circumpolar vortex CPV b Jet stream c Seasonal changes in the strengthen positioning of CPV and jet stream d R ships between surface and middle tropospheric features i Cyclones Anticyclones and Troughs ridges Wave Cyclones a Wave cyclone fronts and air masses warm cool sectors b Wind directions vertical air motions c Relationship with jet stream and middle tropospheric trough d Precipitation regions e Cyclone tracks Ice Storms and Snow storms These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute a Different types of frozen precipitation and the vertical temperature profiles associated with each b Processes associated with precipitation types during their descent i Warm nose and cold wedge features c Weather pattern that produces big storms VII Thunderstorms a Squall lines air mass thunderstorms b Thunderstorm features c Where they occur relative to wave cyclone fronts d Connection with atmospheric stability VIII Tornadoes a All material IX Weather Extremes a Lowest temperature arctic high the day before strong cold air advection due to strong pressure gradient between the Arctic High and developing low off of the New England Coast i Clear skies perfect radiational cooling and calm winds no mixing down of warmer air aloft the morning of the minimum ii Snow is a great insulator that keeps the geothermal heat from rising to the surface 1 Snow is a perfect emitter of infrared radiation iii Frost hollows 1 Cold air is more dense and flows down the ridge into the valley b Highest temperature warm advection ahead of the cold front i High solar elevation due to low latitude 1 Strong solar insolation 2 Absence of wind or sea breeze makes it warmer ii Urban landscape plus drained wetlands west c Heaviest rainfall i Warm temperatures that can hold more moisture ii Approaching cold front cold frontal precipitation due to low level convergence and convection d Greatest snowfall i Strong 500 mb trough ii Wrap around precipitation with developing wave cyclone iii High elevation less snow melt iv Orographic lifting increases precipitation rates v Strong cold advection from Lake Michigan e Strongest tornado i Typically occur in warm sector ahead of cold front ii Very warm and moist iii Strong winds aloft strong wind shear iv Approaching 500 mb trough f Most lightning strikes i Thunderstorms develop on warm moist side of slow moving cold fronts
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