F BICH 410 Lecture 26 Outline of Last Lecture Transport Membranes Outline of Current Lecture Simple diffusion v passive transport Glut transport facilitated diffusion carrier protein o Must accumulate glucose in epithelial cells using 2Na and glucose Na goes down its conc gradient and drags the glucose along against its conc gradient o Then Na K pump causes Na to be pushed back out Active transport o Ca ATPase UNIPORT calcium is used as messenger triggering response Ca conc is low in cell 4x lower Kept low to prevent phosphate complexation that will precipitate Sarcoplasmic reticulum is where Ca stored Ca binds and triggers phosphorylation and conformation change phosphorylated form has low affinity for Ca and it is released Phosphate is then hydrolyzed Dephosphorylated form changes conformation and has high affinity for Ca o H K ATPase Hydration of CO2 water carbonic anhydrase bicarbonate and protons Protons then pumped out and K comes in charge remains the same Cl comes from KCl Excess protons peptic ulcers Histamine derivative of histidine activates this pump causing production of HCl Proton pump inhibitors competes with histamine However most ulcers actually caused by H ploryi bacteria o ABC transporters bind ATP an undergo hydrolysis but not a conformation change Generally used for pumping hydrophilic molecules Have been used for the transport of chemotherapy drugs out of cell found to play a role in drug resistance Have TMD that varies in shape and seq and allows the transporter to be specified NBD gates and opens to let things flow in very similar across all transporters Understand drug mechanism can then develop drug treaments These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor s lecture GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes not as a substitute Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator pumps out Cl Na and water defect causes thick mucus Important to function of sweat glands Flu o o o o o Pandemics Russian Flu 1889 H2N2 Spanish Flu 1918 H1H1 Asian Flu 1957 H2N2 Hong Kong Flu H3N2 H1N1 2009 RNA viruses Influenza A originates in aquatic birds low and high pathogenic how easy is it to get sick from mutates fastest and is most virulent how sick you are Hemagglutinin carbohydrate bound 17 types on cell surface Neuraminidase sialidase 10 subtypes on cell surface Genome is divided into 8 gene segments B primary host is humans Cant be broken ino subtypes C swine and humans mutates slowest Has no vaccines Typically trivalent vaccine 2A and 1B Nomenclature Virus type A B OR C geographic origin strain origin year isolated virus subtype H3N2 Human Swine avian typically Type A Can be same subtype but adapted to specific host Recently H3N8 went from horse to dogs Can reassert and get mixture of strands Antigenic drift random mutations in antigens Allows virus to escape immune Hemaglutinin mutations are cell surface proteins responsible for entrance of virus Antigenic shift mixture with 2 or more strainso avian flu A transmitted either 1 Direct contact 2 Intermediate host o avain viruses bind to N acetylneuraminic acid alpha 2 3 galactose and human viruses prefer alpha 2 6 o pigs have both receptors so is intermediate host in order for species jump needs adaptation and direct contact with animals then moves to human to human 1918 antigenic drift avian flu to human flu Hong kong antigenic shift from reassortment of avian and human flu Viral infection binds uncoating in endosome breaks open to let out info into nucleas where it can be replicated transcribed then translated protein processing and reassembly then budding Prevent virus from taken up prevents infection RNA Polymerase used higher error rate 10 5 causing antigenic drift
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