ARCH 350 Exam #3 Study Guide Crystallization of Modern Architecture I. The International Style & Modernism-USAA. The International Style• Internationale Architecktur (1925) by Gropius• Alfred Barr, MoMA - New York, called the late 1920’s architecture as International Style• Henry Russell Hitchcock and Philip Johnson organized a MoMA exhibition in 1932; the catalogue: “The International Style: Architecture since 1922”• Never truly universal but it implied a universality of approach which favored: Light-weight technique Synthetic modern materials Standard modular parts so as to facilitate fabrication and erectionB. Modernism & International Style- This movement came about at the start of the 19th century in central Europe. It was an outgrowth of advancing building technology/means of production. Manual labor began to be replaced with machine labor.- Simple form + expressed structure- Lack of ornament- Rejection of historic styles- Building skin begins to separate from structure- Machine aesthetic- “Less is more” (Mies Van Der Rohe)- Open PlanC. Rudolph Schindler a. Chase House,- Hollywood, California, 1921-2b. Lovell Beach House- Newport Beach, CA,1923-6- Fused a social vision with a strong structural concept- Wishing to exploit the views to the sea, and needing to deal with the earthquakes, the architect conceived a reinforced concrete armature of five perforated lateral piers, from which walls and secondary elements were suspended so that they could move without crumbling. c. Lovell Health House- Los Angeles, California, 1927-9- Series of horizontal levels and interlocking indoor and outdoor spacesII. Transformation and DisseminationA. Mies Van der Rohe: Maturitya. Farnsworth House- Plano, IL, 1945-51b. Lake Shore Drive Apartments- Chicago, 1948-1951c. Illinois Institute of Technology -Crown Hall- Chicago, 1950-6- Symmetry - Emphasis on the structure- Clear expression of load and - supportd. National Gallery- Berlin, 1962-1968B. Modernism-USA: Gropiusa. Walter Gropius, Gropius House- Lincoln, Massachusetts, 1938- It combined the traditional elements of New England architecture wood, brick, and fieldstone with innovative materials rarely used in domestic settings at that time, including glass block, acoustical plaster, chrome banisters, and the latest technology in fixtures.C. Modernism-US Neutraa. Richard Neutra: Edgar J. Kaufmann Desert House- Palm Spring, California, 1946- Modernim in US-B. Modernism-USA: Saarinena. Eliel and Eero Saarinen: General Motors Technical Center- Warren, Michigan,1948-56- Modernim in US- Miesian spirit - Vocabulary combining reductivist volumes and a neutral, yet poetic handling of standardized steel glass components- Architects translated the abstract, mechanical process of American management and industry - “The spirit was Miesian, but the aesthetic had long American roots in theframe vernacular, and the style was distinctly Saarinen’s own” (Curtis)C. Modernism-USA: Eamesa. Charles Eames: Eames House- Santa Monica, California, 1945-9- Modular system and prefabricationD. Modernism-USA: Buckminster Fullera. Fuller: Prefabricated bathroom • Roosevelt’s Housing Act of 1934 and the end of the Second World War• American designer with a technocratic ideology. E. Modernism-USA: Johnsona. Philip Johnson: Glass House• New Canaan, Connecticut, 1949-50• Influence from Mie’s Modern Architecture b. Philip Johnson: American Telephone and Telegraph Building• New York, 1979c. Philip Johnson, Menil Collection, Rothko Chapel • Houston, 1969-1987F. Louis Kahna. Salk Institute• La Jolla, California, 1959-65• “Architecture is the thoughtful making of space” (L. Kahn)b. Phillips Exeter Library• New Hampshire, 1965-72• Kahn explores the solid and void and primary geometries (square, circle, and triangle)•c. Kimbell Art Museum• Forth Worth, Texas, 1966-72• It was arranged as a series of parallel concrete vaults acting as long beamsliberating the space beneath. The curvature of the vaults was based upon a cycloid geometryd. National Assembly Complex• Dacca, Bangladesh, 1962-75G. Brazil: Lucio Costa and Niemeyera. Lucio Costa and partners Ministry of Education: Rio de Janeiro, 1936-43- International vision with a National accents- Spread of modern architectureb. Lucio Costa: Brasilia Master Plan- Brazil, 1956-60- Absorption of modern architecture- the spread of modern architecture - functional city - super blocks H. Brazil: Niemeyer a. Niemeyer: Church of St. Francis of Assisi – Pampulha Complex- Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1940-3- Absorption of Modern Architecture- parabolic curves - Façade with Candido Portinari’s panel in white and blue tiles (Azulejos)b. Niemeyer: Pampulha Complex - Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 1940-3- Church, Musuem, and Ballroom c. Niemeyer: Niemeyer House- Canoas, Rio de Janeiro, 1952-3- free-form floating roofs- sinuous glass surfaces- interconnections of indoor and outdoor surfacesd. Oscar Niemeyer: COPAN Building- São Paulo, 1951-4- absorption of modern architecture -e. Oscar Niemeyer, Brasilia Public Buildings- Alvorada Place, Brazil, 1956-60- absorption of architecture -f. Oscar Niemeyer, Brasilia Public Buildings- National Congress, Brazil, 1956-60- absorption of modern architectureg. Oscar Niemeyer, Planalto Palace, Brasilia- absoprtion of modern architecture h. Oscar Niemeyer, Brasilia Public Buildings - Brasilia Cathedral, Brazil, 1956- absorption of modern aechitecture - Relevance of the forms in the new context-I. Critical RegionalismSense of Place as opposed to Placelessness or lack of meaning.Genius loci Latin [ˈdʒiːnɪəs ˈləʊsaɪ]Literally means genius of place. It is used to describe places that are deeply memorable for their architectural and experimental qualities.•“a feeling, a sense of authentic human attachment and belonging”• Identifiable/ locatable1. the guardian spirit of a place2. the special atmosphere of a particular placeVernacular (architecture) •Unconscious, indigineous, native, traditional•of a particular time and place, handed down generation to generation, trial and error, formed over time.Regional/ Regionalism (architecture) • Conscious imitation of what is already there. One to one correspondence.• “Regionalism is a state of mind” -Harwell Hamilton HarrissenseBackgroundBackground: the term came about in the early 80’s, and was popularized by Tzonisand Lefaivre + Kenneth Frampton. Not really a