1World Regional World Regional GeographyGeographyDavid SalleeDavid SalleeLesson 8Lesson 8SUBSAHARAN SUBSAHARAN AFRICA AFRICA AFRICAAFRICA’’S S PHYSIOGRAPHYPHYSIOGRAPHYhttp://images.jsc.nasa.gov/iams/htmlhttp://images.jsc.nasa.gov/iams/htmlAfrican Rift ValleyAfrican Rift Valleyhttp://www.riftvalleysafaris.comhttp://www.riftvalleysafaris.comPANGAEAPANGAEAAtlas Mts¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿¿Mt Kenya¿¿Mt Kilimanjaro¿¿¿MOUNTAINSMOUNTAINSMt KenyaMt KilimanjaroMt CameroonGreat EscarpmentDJOUFCHADSUDANCONGOKALAHARIESCARPMENTBBAASSIINNSSNorth African Triassic Sedimentary BasinsNorth African Triassic Sedimentary Basinshttp://www.earthsciences.bham.http://www.earthsciences.bham.ac.uk/research/groups/petroleuac.uk/research/groups/petroleum_geoscience/projects/m_geoscience/projects/http://www.southafricahttp://www.southafrica--travel.net/routing/routetravel.net/routing/routes/cpt_bloemf.htmls/cpt_bloemf.html2NIGERNILECONGOZAMBEZIRRIIVVEERRSSwww.mountainlight.comwww.mountainlight.comhttp://http://www.contrast.cx/africa/congo.htmwww.contrast.cx/africa/congo.htmhttp://http://hometown.aol.com/travelshowhometown.aol.com/travelshow//http://http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/waterindex.htmnatres/waterindex.htmCLIMATECLIMATEVEGETATIONVEGETATIONhttp://www.micro.utexas.eduhttp://www.micro.utexas.eduhttp://www.safarimkt.comhttp://www.safarimkt.comhttp://www.oxfam.org.ukhttp://www.oxfam.org.ukTHE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADETHE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADEhttp://www.bbc.co.ukhttp://www.bbc.co.ukhttp://www.copla.orghttp://www.copla.orgTHE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE1701 – 1801COLONIALISMCOLONIALISMzzEUROPEAN COLONIAL OBJECTIVESEUROPEAN COLONIAL OBJECTIVES––A water route to South Asia and Southeast A water route to South Asia and Southeast AsiaAsia––A port along the West African coastA port along the West African coast––15001500’’ss--looking for resources; Slaveslooking for resources; Slaves––18501850--industrial revolution occurs in industrial revolution occurs in EuropeEuropezzIncreased demand for mineral resourcesIncreased demand for mineral resourceszzNeed to expand agricultural productionNeed to expand agricultural production3BERLIN CONFERENCEBERLIN CONFERENCE18841884zz14 States divided up Africa without 14 States divided up Africa without consideration of culturesconsideration of cultureszzResults of superimposed boundariesResults of superimposed boundaries----African peoples were divided.African peoples were divided.----Unified regions were ripped apart.Unified regions were ripped apart.----Hostile societies were thrown together.Hostile societies were thrown together.----Hinterlands were disrupted.Hinterlands were disrupted.----Migration routes were closed off.Migration routes were closed off.zzWhen independence returned to Africa after When independence returned to Africa after 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy 1950, the realm had already acquired a legacy of political fragmentation.of political fragmentation.CCOOLLOONNIIAALLIISSMMCOLONIAL POLICIESCOLONIAL POLICIESz Great Britain: “Indirect Rule” (Ghana, Nigeria, Kenya, Zimbabwe)– Indigenous power structures were left intact to some degree and local rulers were made representatives of the crown.z France: “Assimilationist” (Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, etc.)– Enforced a direct rule which propagated the French culture through language, laws, education and dress (acculturation)z Portugal: “Exploitation” (Guinea-Bissau, Angola, Mozambique)– First to enslave and colonize and one of the last to grant independence– Maintained rigid control; raw resource orientedz Belgium: “Paternalistic” (Rwanda, Zaire, Burundi)– Treated Africans as though they where children who needed to be tutored in western ways; did not try to make them Belgium– Raw resource oriented; ignored the development of nativesCOLONIAL POLICIESCOLONIAL POLICIESINDEPENDENT STATES IN AFRICAINDEPENDENT STATES IN AFRICA195019601970INDEPENDENTTHE LEGACYTHE LEGACYzzSeveral hundred languages are spoken.Several hundred languages are spoken.zzAntagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda)Antagonism between tribes (e.g., Rwanda)zzLow level of development is linked to Low level of development is linked to colonizationcolonization––Transportation facilities Transportation facilities --Movement of goods is Movement of goods is from the interior to coastal outlets.from the interior to coastal outlets.––CommunicationCommunicationwithin Africa is impeded by within Africa is impeded by desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers desert, dense forest, and lack of navigable rivers in certain regions.in certain regions.––Dual economyDual economyremains intact; most states rely remains intact; most states rely on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to on a single crop or mineral and are vulnerable to world markets.world markets.4POPULATIONDISTRIBUTIONhttp://www.aphrc.orghttp://www.aphrc.orgSUBSUB--SAHARAN AFRICASAHARAN AFRICA’’SSECONOMIC CHALLENGEECONOMIC CHALLENGEz Economic growth rate-1.5% -world’s lowestz The region’s 646 million people have a combined GNP of less than $150 billion, roughly the same as Belgium and its 10 million people.z Population - growing at a rate of 2.6% annually, vs 1.7% for South America and 1.9% for South AsiaMEDICAL GEOGRAPHYMEDICAL GEOGRAPHYzzStudies spatial aspects of disease and Studies spatial aspects of disease and healthhealthzzAfrica is an extraordinary laboratory.Africa is an extraordinary laboratory.----Disease incidence and diffusionDisease incidence and diffusion----Widespread nutritional deficienciesWidespread nutritional deficiencieszzMillions suffer from:Millions suffer from:––malariamalaria--river blindnessriver blindness––yellow feveryellow fever--sleeping sicknesssleeping sickness––AIDSAIDS--bilharziabilharziazzEndemicEndemic----Exists in equilibrium with the populationExists in equilibrium with the population----Many develop an immunity of sortsMany develop an immunity of sorts----Saps energy, lowers resistance, shortens Saps energy, lowers resistance, shortens livesliveszzEpidemicEpidemic----Sudden outbreak at local, regional scaleSudden outbreak at local, regional scalezzPandemicPandemic----Worldwide spread Worldwide spread MEDICAL GEOGRAPHYMEDICAL GEOGRAPHYMALARIAMalaria is probably Africa's No. 1 most widely spread disease and in most regions of Africa you should take protective measures. Although it is not possible to protect yourself totally