Zigbee Wireless Vehicular Identification andAuthentication SystemS. D. Dissanayake, P. P. C. R. Karunasekara, D. D. Lakmanaarachchi,A. J. D. Rathnayaka, and A. T. L. K. SamarasingheDepartment of Electronic and Telecommunication EngineeringUniversity of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, Sri Lanka 10400Email: sds03, ppcrk03, ddl03, ajdr03, [email protected]ā We propose a Zigbee technology based wirelessvehicle identification and driver authentication system consistingof a central database of authorized vehicles, Zigbee RF Vehicletags, RF tag Reader and RF tag Writer. Zigbee is based on IEEE802.15.4 standard for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)that is being used in many commercial and research applicationstoday where it has become an attractive solution for low powerand low cost applications. The RF Tag is placed in a vehicle thatwill be approaching the entrance of an establishment, the RFtag reader is used to communicate with the RF tags and the RFtag writer is used to program or write to the RF tags. Vehicleidentification is performed by reading the serial number in theRF tag and driver authentication is done by means of a passwordentered through the RF tag. Both information are read throughthe wireless 802.15.4 interface via the RF tag reader and sent toa central database through Ethernet for verification. In order toenhance the data security, 128 bit Advance Encryption Standard(AES) was implemented in the Zigbee interface. This paper isbased on a prototype development of the proposed system and itpresents hardware and firmware aspects of the design. A vehicleidentification device profile was defined and developed usingthe Microchip Zigbee protocol stack. Hardware implementationof Zigbee RF tags, reader and writer was carried out usingMicrochip micro-controller PIC18F4620, Chipcon CC2420 RFtransceiver and an inverted F-type PCB antenna which was usedwith the transceiver. The designed application functions in the2.4 GHz frequency band. The physical layer of the Zigbee stack isimplemented in the CC2420 transceiver and the Microcontrollerimplements the other layers including the application layersof the Zigbee stack. The system was successfully demonstratedat Ratmalana Air-force base with a maximum omni-directionalrange of 7meters.I. INTRODUCTIONZigbee is a r ecently developed wireless technology usedin many commercial and research applications. Based on theIEEE 802.15.4 specification [1], it has become a very attractivewireless connectivity solution due to its open standard, low-cost and low power characteristics [2]. Zigbee is suitablefor low data-rate and low power consumption applications[3] in comparison with other wireless techologies such asBluetooth and WiFi. Applications include home and buildingautomation, industrial control, building management systems,environmental monitoring, vehicle fleet management systemsetc.Intelligent vehicle and fleet management systems are re-quired by large companies, establishments and high securityzones with restricted access, to identify, authenticate andmanage their vehicle fleet and to control access to outsiders.With the advent of cheap low power commercial RF mod-ules such fully automated management systems are beingimplemented using wireless technologies. For example [4]presents a novel bus priority control system f or the AdvancedPublic Transportation System (APTS) based on wireless sensornetworks and Zigbee, authors of [5] report the use of ZigbeeRF nodes for data packet transmission in an intra-car wirelessenvironment, [6] investigates the suitability to Zigbee wirelesstechnology for Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS).We have proposed a system using Zigbee wireless RFtags to identify and authenticate vehicles entering into sucha premises. Design consists of RF vehicle tags containingauthentication information for each vehicle authorized, an RFtag reader, an RF tag writer and a central database containinginformation about all vehicles authorized to enter the facility.Prototype of the system was demonstrated under real condi-tions and results conclude that the proposed system is viable.The rest of the paper will be organized as follows, section IIwill give details of the system model. An overview of Zigbeeprotocol and the operation of the proposed system is discussedin section III. Implementation of the system is discussed insection IV. Section V draws concluding remarks.II. SYSTEM MODELThis section presents an overview of the system and intro-duces the functionality of each of the individual components.A. OverviewFig. 1 depicts the system model. Vehicular RF Tags areinstalled securely in all vehicles needed to be identified,authenticated and managed. Each vehicular RF tag is pro-grammed to have a unique serial number for identifying itand a password to authenticate the driver. An RF tag readermodule is installed near the entrance to the facility. When avehicle stops at the entrance the reader detects the vehicularRF tag and retrieves authentication information from it. Thisinformation is transfered over Ethernet to a central databaseto verify whether access is granted for a particular vehicleto enter into premises. Furthermore, the driver of the vehicleis authenticated by means of a password entered using anumerical keypad in the vehicular RF tag when prompted bythe RF tag reader. Using the information received from the978-1-4244-2900-4/08/$25.00cī2008 IEEE ICIAFS08Authorized licensed use limited to: University of North Carolina at Charlotte. Downloaded on February 25,2010 at 16:26:05 EST from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. {}257central database a human security personnel at the entrance orautomated security system can take action to allow or denythe vehicle entrance into the facility.B. Vehicular RF TagEach vehicle would be equipped with a vehicular RFtag having a unique serial number. The vehicular RF tagmodule would consists of a 2.4 GHz RF transceiver, micro-controller circuitry, power control circuitry, LED indicatorsand a numerical keypad used to enter password for driverauthentication.C. RF Tag Reader, WriterThe vehicular RF tag reader and writer are implementedas one unit. It comprises of a 2.4 GHz wireless transceiver,micro-controller, power control circuitry, and a debuggingand communication interface. This module is connected toa personal computing device (laptop or desktop) through aRS232 interface which is used by the security personnel atthe entrance. Communication from there onwards to
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