1 The History of Artificial Intelligence History of Computing CSEP 590A University of Washington December 2006 Introduction – Chris Smith The Turing Test – Brian McGuire History of AI applied to Chess – Chris Smith Expert Systems – Ting Huang AI Winter and its lessons – Gary Yang Japan's Fifth Generation Computer System project – Chris Smith Conclusion – Chris Smith2 Table of Contents Introduction .................................................................................................................................................. 4 ‘Artificial’ intelligence ............................................................................................................................... 4 Themes of AI ............................................................................................................................................. 4 The Turing Test ............................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 5 Alan Turing ................................................................................................................................................ 5 Inception of the Turing Test ...................................................................................................................... 6 Problems/Difficulties with the Turing Test ............................................................................................... 6 Alternatives to the Turing Test ................................................................................................................. 7 The Current State of the Turing Test ........................................................................................................ 8 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................. 9 History of AI applied to Chess ..................................................................................................................... 10 Origins of computer-Chess...................................................................................................................... 10 Realization ............................................................................................................................................... 10 Go as the next frontier ............................................................................................................................ 11 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 11 Expert Systems ............................................................................................................................................ 12 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 12 Key Technological Issues ......................................................................................................................... 12 Managerial and Organizational Challenges ............................................................................................ 14 Is "Thinking" Machine Ever Possible ....................................................................................................... 14 Social Implications of Expert Systems ..................................................................................................... 15 Concluding Remarks................................................................................................................................ 16 AI Winter and its lessons ............................................................................................................................. 17 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 17 Trigger of AI Winter ................................................................................................................................ 17 The ALPAC report ................................................................................................................................ 17 The Lighthill report .............................................................................................................................. 18 The Duration of AI Winter ....................................................................................................................... 18 Discussion................................................................................................................................................ 193 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 21 Japan's Fifth Generation Computer System project ................................................................................... 22 Motivations and influences..................................................................................................................... 22 Progress made on FGCS .......................................................................................................................... 23 Successes............................................................................................................................................. 23 Failures ................................................................................................................................................ 23 Lessons learned ....................................................................................................................................... 23 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................... 24 References .................................................................................................................................................. 25 Introduction, History of AI applied to Chess, and Japan's FGCS ............................................................. 25 Turing
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