Women in ComputingAn Amazing PhotoDiversity Crisis in Computer ScienceGoals of this talkAugusta Ada King, Countess of LovelaceGarbage In, Garbage OutOn her genius and insightScience Publications for Victorian LadiesTimelineHuman ComputersThe Women of ENIACWorking on the ENIACAfter ENIACDustbin of history?Grace Hopper (1 of 3)The Infamous BugGrace Hopper (2 of 3)Grace Hopper (3 of 3)NanosecondsSlide 20Judith Levenson ClappEarly Women ProgrammersThelma EstrinSlide 24Sister Mary Kenneth KellerThe First PhDs in Computer Science?Lynn Conway“Robert’s” Career at IBMDynamic Instruction SchedulingLegacy of Dynamic Instruction SchedulingTransition, Firing, and Starting OverPARC and the Start of VLSIDARPA and BeyondSlide 34Anita JonesRadia PerlmanMother of the InternetSlide 38Anita BorgMaria KlawePlenty of others to mentionSo… here we are…The past was not so rosyFactors of success for these womenHurdles to OvercomeEfforts: Past, Present, and FutureSome final pointsA final quote1Women in ComputingKatherine DeibelUniversity of [email protected] of ComputingCSE P590A (UW)PP190/290-3 (UCB)CSE 290 291 (D00)2Philadelphia Inquirer, "Your Neighbors" article, 8/13/1957An Amazing Photo3Diversity Crisis in Computer SciencePercentage of CS/IS Bachelor Degrees Awarded to WomenNational Center for Education Statistics, 20014Goals of this talkHighlight the many accomplishments made by women in the computing fieldLearn their stories, both good and bad5Augusta Ada King, Countess of LovelaceTranslated and extended Menabrea’s article on Babbage’s Analytical EnginePredicted computers could be used for music and graphicsWrote the first algorithm— how to compute Bernoulli numbersDeveloped notions of looping and subroutines6Garbage In, Garbage OutThe Analytical Engine has no pretensions whatever to originate anything. It can do whatever we know how to order it to perform. It can follow analysis; but it has no power of anticipating any analytical relations or truths. — Ada Lovelace, Note G7On her genius and insightIf you are as fastidious about the acts of your friendship as you are about those of your pen, I much fear I shall equally lose your friendship and your Notes. I am very reluctant to return your admirable & philosophic 'Note A.' Pray do not alter it… All this was impossible for you to know by intuition and the more I read your notes the more surprised I am at them and regret not having earlier explored so rich a vein of the noblest metal.— Charles Babbage8Science Publications for Victorian LadiesSome journals accepted and supported science papers from women authors.Periodical like the Edinburgh Review and Ladies Diary also provided opportunities for publishing amateur scholarly works.9Timeline1940 1950 1960 1970 198010Human ComputersManual calculation of differential equations for generating tables to be used on the battlefield (e.g., trajectories)Supported through use of mechanical calculatorsA few specialized in the use of single-purpose hardware (e.g., differential analyzer)Alternative to a career teaching mathematicsWomen more prominent as computersLarge pool of potential employees (both college and high school graduates)Cheaper than hiring menMoore School of Engineering, University of Pennsylvania11The Women of ENIACSix “computers” hired to be the first programmers for the ENIAC project (1945)Women comprised a large percentage of later programmers for ENIAC, includingHomé McAllisterMarie BiersteinWilla Wyatt SigmundMarie Bierstein12Working on the ENIACLearned the system through its blueprints and conversations with its designersWorked in pairs on subprojects:Calculating and testing test trajectories:Marlyn Meltzer and Ruth TeitelbaumDeveloping and streamlining the programs:Frances Spence and Kathleen Antonelli Coordinating the Master Programmer unit:Jean Bartik and Betty HolbertonOnly group to program ENIAC at the machine level13After ENIACRuth TeitelbaumStayed with ENIAC project the longestTrained second generation of ENIAC programmersJean BartikConversion of ENIAC to a stored-program computerWorked on BINAC and UNIVAC IKathleen Antonelli Married John Mauchly (1948)Software design for the BINAC and UNIVAC IBetty HolbertonSuggest grey as the color for UNIVAC IDeveloped C-10 mnemonic instruction set for BINAC14Dustbin of history?For 50 years, their involvement was mostly forgotten and ignored:Hardware more the focus than the softwareNames misspelled in official Army historySome programmers married ENIAC engineersProgrammers originally not invited to 50th anniversary of ENIACAll six programmers inducted into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame (1997)15Grace Hopper (1 of 3)EducationVasser: B.S. in Mathematics and PhysicsYale: M.S. and Ph.D. in MathematicsNaval CareerJoined Naval Reserves (1943)Assigned to work with Howard AikenHarvard First person to write a program for the Mark I (arctangent calculations)Member of the Mark II and III development teams16The Infamous BugWhile working on the Mark II, Hopper discovered a moth stuck in a relay.Originated the term “debugging”17Grace Hopper (2 of 3)UNIVACInvented concept of compiler: ARITH-MATIC, MATH-MATIC and FLOW-MATICCOBOL was partially an extension of FLOW-MATICStandardsAdvocated and pioneered development of standards for testing computer systems and languages.18Grace Hopper (3 of 3)Naval CareerRetired three timesPromoted to Rear Admiral by special Presidential appointment (1983)Defense Distinguished Service Medal recipient (1986)Digital Equipment CorporationSenior Consultant and Goodwill Ambassador (1986 – 1992)19NanosecondsTo demonstrate the cost of computing time, Hopper would hand out pieces of wire.Distance electrons travel:1 nanosecond ≈ 12 inches1 microsecond ≈ 1000 feet1 millisecond ≈ 189 miles1 second ≈ 189,000 miles20Timeline1940 1950 1960 1970 198021Judith Levenson ClappMIT Whirlwind Project (1950s)Only woman on the air defense system subprojectSoftware EngineeringPioneered development of software management tools for large systems“Virtual” founder of the field22Early Women ProgrammersWhen computer programming was becoming a field, there was a belief that it was women’s work because [women] were neat, organized,
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