Chapter 2Why is this (Chemistry) important:The world is made up ofAtomsElementsPowerPoint PresentationMolecules: Two or more atomsCovalent bondsIonic bondsHydrogen bondsSolubility in water???Slide 12Slide 13Concentrations in solutionImportant molecules and their propertiesThe presence of two ions is very important to chemical reactionsSlide 17Acids and basesSlide 19Slide 20Organic compounds:Know the followingSlide 23Slide 24CarbohydratesSynthesis or lysisSlide 27Slide 28Slide 29LipidsFunctional groups of AASlide 32Slide 33Slide 34Slide 35ProteinsSlide 37Slide 38Slide 39Nucleic acidsChemical reactions and enzymesTypical chemical reactionsSlide 43Slide 44Slide 45Slide 46Slide 47Slide 48Essential Amino Acids are required in the diet because?Types of Chemical ReactionsChapter 2 Chemical Principles for the Microbiologist.Why is this (Chemistry) important:•Life is made up of simple to complex chemical reactions.•Nutrients that life use are made of chemical components.•Chemical properties determine how life acts–Life is made from a few simple components put together according to a few simple rulesThe world is made up of•Matter•EnergyAtoms•Define•What are they?Elements•Define•What are they?•What are the most common ones?•Where can they be found in the environment?•Are all forms usable?2.1Molecules: Two or more atoms•How are molecules held together?–Ionic bonds–Covalent bonds–Hydrogen bondsCovalent bondsIonic bondsHydrogen bondsSolubility in water???•Solvent•Solute•hydrophobic•hydrophilicConcentrations in solution•Grams/liter = milligrams/milliliter•Moles/liter=millimoles/milliliter•What is a mole?•C6H12O6Important molecules and their propertiesThe properties of living things depend on the properties of the chemicals that make them up.The presence of two ions is very important to chemical reactions•Proton, hydrogen ion•Hydroxide ion •How does the above relate to the below?•Oxidation loss of electrons•Reduction gain of electronsAcids and bases•Acids create H+ and an anion•Bases create OH- and a cation•Acids have a pH below 7ph•Bases have a pH above 7ph•Buffers stabilize pH by giving of H+ or OH- to maintain a constant pH.Organic compounds:•Made by life•Always contain carbon and hydrogen•Used to make the structures of life•Used to store energy in the form of chemical bondsKnow the following•Carbohydrates•Lipids•Proteins•Nucleic acidsCarbohydrates•Carbon, hydrogen and oxygen•Sugars and starches•-saccharides•Isomers-same chemical formula different structural properties–Glucose and fructose•Dehydration synthesis makes polymers•Hydrolysis breaks apart polymersSynthesis or lysisLipids•Insolubility in water•Fats are triglycerides•Saturated lipid has no double bonds•Phospholipids make up membranes•Steroids: signals and alter physical properties of the membranesFunctional groups of AA10 of the 20 different amino acidsProteins•Aa are building blocks•Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen nitrogen and sulfur•Aa linked by peptide bonds•4 levels of structureNucleic acids•DNA and RNA•Pentose, phosphate and nitrogen base•Information molecule of the cell.Chemical reactions and enzymes•What type of molecules are enzymes?•What are some of their properties?•From Chapter 5 microbial metabolismTypical chemical reactions•Making or braking of chemical bonds between atoms•Result in an overall change of energy•Are almost always reversible•To take place reactants must collide with each other•Activation energy is the minimal amount of energy that system must have•Enzymes accelerate chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.•Enzyme reactions are reversible.Essential Amino Acidsare required in the diet because?Beans and Legumes•Isoleucine•LysineIn both•Valine•Histidine•Threonine•Phenylalanine•LeucineCorn and Grains•Tryptophan•MethionineTypes of Chemical Reactions•Synthesis or Anabolism•Decomposition reactions or catabolism•Exchange reactions•Almost all reactions are reversible•Remind nick to put this up on the