Chapter 2 Chemical PrinciplesYou should be able to find the information necessary to answer these questions in Tortora,Funke, and Case, or in lecture. However, for a fuller understanding of the concept, or to add more detail to your answer you are encouraged to use other sources (see on-line resources by chapter)1) Describe the formation of ionic bonds and covalent bonds. Provide examplesand illustrations of each type of bond.2) Using named examples explain the difference between polar and non-polarmolecules.3) Water is a polar molecule, draw and label a water molecule describing what ‘polar’ means. Provide two examples of how the polar nature of water contributes to the biologically important properties of water. 4) At the atomic level, describe what happens when salt (Na+ Cl-) ‘dissolves’ inwater. 5) How does an organic molecules differ from an inorganic molecule? Provideexamples of each type of compound. Bio 240Fall 2011 Page 1 of 7Microbiology Study GuideChapter 2 Chemical Principles6) Provide a definition of an acid. The concentration of which ion is measured bythe pH scale? In terms of ion concentration how does a solution of pH 5 differfrom a solution of pH 3? Why do acids have lower numbers than bases?7) Why are most organisms restricted to environments with a ph at or close to pH7? 8) In the following Redox reaction molecule A is oxidized, and molecule B isreduced. Describe what has happened to the electrons in the reaction.9) How many protons, neutrons and electrons does Carbon have? Describe howthe electrons are arranged, and how this enables carbon to form so manydifferent molecules.Bio 240Fall 2011 Page 2 of 710) Which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) units?11) Glucose is a monosaccharide. Diagram how two glucose monomers can becombined for form the disaccharide maltose. What is the name for this type ofreaction? Then diagram your understanding how this disaccharide moleculecan be split into two glucose units. What is the name for this type of reaction12) Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all polysaccharides, how are they similar,and how are they different?13) Name three different polysaccharides: describe how they differ in structure, and where they are most commonly found. Finally describe the biological functions of the polysaccharides.Bio 240Fall 2011 Page 3 of 714) Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?15) Explain why lipids are insoluble in water.16) Describe how the properties of phospholipids make these molecules well suitedfor plasma membranes.17) Archaea differ from bacteria in the composition of cell membrane lipids.Explain how they differ at the molecular level.18) How many amino acids are there? Draw the structure of a typical amino acidscircling and labeling the amino group and the carboxylic group. Provide namedexamples of each of the following types of amino acids: Polar R Groups, Non-Polar R Groups, negatively charged, positively charged.Bio 240Fall 2011 Page 4 of 7. 19) Draw a peptide bond between two amino acids. Where does protein synthesisoccur in cells?20) Draw and describe the four different levels of protein structure. For each levelof structure name the type or types of chemical bonding responsible for thestructure.21) Which level of protein structure is due to folding? Why is protein foldingimportant? 22) Provide examples of two different types of conjugated proteins.23) What are hydrogen bonds? Provide an example of a biological macromoleculethat possesses hydrogen bonds and describe the structural role of hydrogenBio 240Fall 2011 Page 5 of 7bonds in that molecule. Describe two changes in the chemical environment bywhich hydrogen bonds can be disrupted and describe what would happen to thestructure of the molecule.24) Explain what happens to the structure of the proteins of shrimp when placed inan acidic lime marinade (Viva Ceviche!)25) What type of monomer are genes composed of?26) Diagram the structures of a DNA nucleotide and a RNA nucleotide. Describe the three differences between DNA and RNA.Bio 240Fall 2011 Page 6 of 727) What are the four nitrogen containing bases of DNA? Name the double ring bases and what name is given to these? Name the single ring bases and what name is given to these. What are the complementary base pairings of DNA?28) What do the letters ATP stand for? Explain how the chemical structure of ATPallows it to perform its biological role. Structurally, ATP is most like which typeof molecule?Visual Learning -Chemical Bondinghttp://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=55The Biology Project – Hydrogen Bondinghttp://www.biology.arizona.edu/biochemistry/tutorials/chemistry/page3.htmlBio 240Fall 2011 Page 7 of