Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the hostPowerPoint PresentationDual Nature of Adaptive ImmunitySlide 4Artificially acquired immunitySlide 6Slide 7Humoral vs.. cell mediated immunityAntibody StructureSlide 10Slide 11Haptens: example penicillinClasses of ImmunoglobulinSlide 14Types of WBCSlide 16Results of antigen bindingSlide 18Immunological memorySlide 20Slide 21Monoclonal AntibodiesProduction of Monoclonal AB (fig 18.2)Slide 24Antibodies can now be manufacturedAll of the previous activities are due to B cells.T cells and cell mediated ImmunityPractical applications of Immunology (ch 19)How to make vaccinesDisorders of the Human immune systemDefectsHypersensitivityAutoimmune diseaseTypes of T cellsSlide 35Cytotoxic T cells are transformed into CTL’s by a cell with markers on it.Slide 37Slide 38Adaptive Immunity: Specific Defenses of the hostCh 17•Innate resistance•Immunity: ability of the body to resist pathogens–Due to production of specific lymphocytes and antibodies•Acquired immunity–Naturally – active immunity – get it, get over it–Passive immunity – Mother to child, AB from mother (short term)Dual Nature of Adaptive ImmunityFigure 17.8Dual Nature of Adaptive Immunity•T and B cells develop from stem cells in red bone marrow•Humoral immunity–B cells mature in the bone marrow•Chickens: Bursa of Fabricius –Due to antibodies•Cellular immunity –Due to T cells–T cells mature in the thymusANIMATION Humoral Immunity: OverviewArtificially acquired immunity•Vaccination•Antiserum•Gamma globulin (IgG purified)•Antigen, anything that can cause an immunological response–ExamplesHumoral vs.. cell mediated immunity•Humoral is serum immunity•Cell mediated depends on T cellsAntibody Structure•The monomer is bivalent•4 ppt chains, 2 light and 2 heavy•All contain a V region where antibody binding occurs•Y or T shaped know where ab binds, know constant region.•Fc or constant region binds to host cell or complement.EpitopesHaptens: example penicillinFigure 17.2Classes of Immunoglobulin•IgG serum, passive immunity, neutralize, precipitate, opsonize•IgM 5monomers on a chain, agglutination and complement•IgA monomer in serum, dimmers in mucus, protects outer surfaces.•IgD antigen receptors on B cells•IgE antigen receptors on mast cells and basophiles.•Apoptosis: programmed cell death, Lymphocytes that are no longer needed destroy themselves.•Clonal selection: during fetal development, self reacting AB is destroyed. During sickness more AB is produced (will review later)Types of WBCClonal Selection and differentiation of B cellsResults of antigen binding•Neutralize•Opsonizaiton•Agglutination•Fixing complement•PrecipitationImmunological memory•Ab titer•Plasma cells•Memory cellsMonoclonal Antibodies•Immortal cells that produce an antibody that binds to one haptin.Production of Monoclonal AB (fig 18.2)Antibodies can now be manufactured•Used to tread diseases like cancer•How are antibodies treated so that they do not produce an immune response?All of the previous activities are due to B cells.T cells and cell mediated Immunity•Differentiate in the thymus gland (and others)•Classified by cell surface receptors (CD4)•Binds to antigen and APC by MHCPractical applications of Immunology (ch 19)•Vaccines–Heard immunity: if > 85% are immune to a disease, the pathogen has difficulty spreading•Types–Attenuated whole agent – non pathogenic–Inactivated whole agent – dead–Toxoids – inactivated toxin–Subunit vaccine –purified protein–Conjugated vaccine–DNA vaccine – MHC1 associated responsesHow to make vaccines•Animals•Cell culture•Chick embryos•Recombinant vaccines are much saferDisorders of the Human immune systemDefects•Hay fever•Transplant rejection•Autoimmunity•Infection•carriersHypersensitivity•Rx that lead to tissue damage•Occur when person is sensitized•4 typesAutoimmune disease•From loss of self tolerance•Self tolerance occurs during fetal development–Clonal deletion–Clonal anergy•Graves disease•Myasthenia gravis•Systemic lupus•Rheumatoid arthritis•Hashimotas disease•Insulin dependent diabetesTypes of T cells•Classified by certain glycoproteins on surface (clusters of differentiation (CD))•Th –T helper-CD4–Recognise an antigen presented on the surface of a macrophage and activate it.•Tc – Cytotoxic T cells –CD8–When activated by cytokines from the Th cell will change to kill self altered cells•Tr – Regulatory T cells – (turn down immune response)Cytotoxic T cells are transformed into CTL’s by a cell with markers on it.The MHC antigen complex induces a toll-like receptorOrganisms like large paracites that are too large for ingestion by phagocytic cells must be attacked