Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 1 Disclaimer: Not ALL of the questions on the midterm will necessarily be found on this document. The Study Questions you have been answering for each chapter are the basis for the midterm questions, but in order to phrase a logical multiple choice question, i.e. how the question is asked, it may be worded differently – the answer will remain the same. This is intended to help focus your revision for the upcoming midterm- it is NOT a substitute for answering the chapter by chapter Study Questions. Chapter 1 Microbial World What makes sourdough sour? What is name the organism that is responsible for making sourdough sour. Which type of microbe is it? Which metabolic process is responsible for the sour taste and what chemical end product is detected by the taste buds as ‘sour’? Who was the first person to observe microorganisms with a microscope? Explain why viruses are not classified in any of the same categories as any of the other groups of microbes. Are viruses living or non-living? Study Guide to Midterm 1Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 2 Briefly explain how Louis Pasteur’s experiments disproved the prevailing theory of spontaneous generation. Illustrate your answer with a diagram of his experimental setup. Describe Koch’s four postulates and their purpose in modern medicine. Discuss the hypothesis developed by Ignaz Semmelweis following observations made while working in an obstetrics ward in 19th century Austria. Describe how he tested his hypothesis and how these insights are still in use today.Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 3 Name the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese in 1978. What features did he use to differentiate between the three domains? Describe the observation made by Edward Jenner in 1796 regarding immunity of milkmaids to smallpox and describe how he applied this knowledge in the first successful vaccination trial. Compare the theory of spontaneous generation, and the theory of biogenesis. Describe the series of early experiments that both supported and refuted the theory of Spontaneous Generation. (up until but not including 1858) Discuss how Joseph Lister applied germ theory to medical procedures and how his insights are still used in medicine today.Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 4 Briefly describe how Alexander Fleming ‘discovered’ Penicillin, and how did he recognize it as an antibiotic. Provide an example of a correctly written scientific name for a bacterium of your choice. Indicate the Genus name and the species name. Chapter 2 Chemistry for Microbiology What are ions?, and describe how ionic bonds form between atoms in a compound. Explain how and why covalent bonds are formed between atoms.Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 5 How many protons, neutrons and electrons does Carbon have? Describe how the electrons are arranged, and how this enables carbon to form so many different molecules. Without using the terms “acid” or “basic” what is the difference between a solution of pH 3 and a solution of pH 5? Explain the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis. Glucose is a monosaccharide. Diagram how two glucose monomers can be combined for form the disaccharide maltose. What is the name for this type of reaction? Then diagram your understanding how this disaccharide molecule can be split into two glucose units. What is the name for this type of reaction Which type of molecule contains the alcohol glycerol?Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 6 Which type of molecule is composed of (CH2O) units? Water is a polar molecule. Explain what this means in terms of water’s ability to act as a solvent What are hydrogen bonds? Provide an example of a biological macromolecule that possesses hydrogen bonds and describe the structural role of hydrogen bonds in that molecule. Describe two changes in the chemical environment by which hydrogen bonds can be disrupted and describe what would happen to the structure of the molecule. Starch, cellulose, and glycogen are all polysaccharides, how are they similar, and how are they different?Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 7 Draw and describe the four different levels of protein structure. For each level of structure name the type or types of chemical bonding responsible for the structure. What are the four nitrogen containing bases of DNA? Name the double ring bases and what name is given to these? Name the single ring bases and what name is given to these. What are the complementary base pairings of DNA? Describe how the properties of phospholipids make these molecules well suited for plasma membranes. Chapter 3 Microscopy Which units are used to measure the wavelength of light. What is the range of wavelengths of visible light? How does color relate to wavelength? Describe the relationship between the wavelength of light and resolution.Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 8 Provide a definition of the terms resolution and refraction. What is refraction of light? How does refraction affect image quality in a compound light microscope? Explain why it is necessary to use oil to see specimens magnified by the 100x objective using a compound light microscope? What structure does light pass through after leaving the condenser in a compound light microscope? Which microscope achieves the highest magnification and greatest resolution? The Gram stain is a differential stain, Describe the sequence of steps that need to be followed to perform a Gram stain. At which stage in the procedure are Gram positive and Gram negative organisms differentiated?Biol 240 Thomson Fall 2011 Midterm 1 9 Describe the pathway that a beam of light follows from the source of illumination that would allow you to see an object on a microscope slide. Explain why an electron microscope can achieve greater resolution than a compound light microscope. State the limits of resolution for both types of microscopes. What is the difference between a transmission electron