PSYC 4620 1st Edition Lecture 6 Outline of Last Lecture II. Test reviewOutline of Current Lecture (CHP 5)III. Disorders of Early Developmenta. Temperamentb. Attachment and parenting stylesc. Temperament and psychopathologyd. Types of disorders in early developmentIV. PicaV. Rumination Disorder/ Avoidant & Restrictive Food Intake DisorderVI. Sleep Problemsa. Common sleep problemsb. Primary sleep disorderVII. Disorders of attachmenta. Reactive Attachment Disorderb. Disinhibited Social Engagement DisorderCurrent LectureII. Disorders of Early Developmenta. Temperament is characterized by individual differences ini. Reactivity – the infant’s excitability and responsivenessii. Regulation – the infant’s control of his or her reactivityiii. Some part is likely genetic, some part biologically based by environment and some part likely external environment but determined very early on (fairly continuous foundation of later life behavioral base across situations[personality])1. Some things are biological but not genetic (ie. Fetal alcohol syndrome, down syndrome (chromosomal, not genetic))iv. Two major types1. Highly ReactiveThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.2. Uninhibitedv. Most models of temperament emphasize1. Surgency – extraversion2. Negative Affectivity – predispositions to experience fear, frustration or anger (negative emotions)3. Effortful Control – regulation of stimulation and response4. Infant Emotionality – the latency to respond to emotional stimuli and the average and peak intensities of emotional responseb. Attachment and parenting stylesi. Temperament interacts with parentingii. Four common types of parenting style1. Authoritarian2. Authoritative3. Permissive4. Neglectful iii. Three common attachment styles1. Secure2. Avoidant3. Anxious/Ambivalentiv. Goodness of Fit is the interaction of infant temperament with the caregiver’s response to that temperament1. Goodness of Fit is key in parenting and attachment stylesa. Competent mother-infant pairs - for example, overly sensitive (difficult) infants do better with parents that are less sensitive or responsive rather than being paired with overly sensitive parents (increasing anxiety in both)b. Has bi-directional effectsi. Parenting affects child temperamentii. Child temperament affects parentingc. Temperament and psychopathologyi. Temperament can act as a1. General Risk Factor – leading to increased vulnerability to many possible disorders2. Specific Risk Factor – leading to increased vulnerability with a particular disorderd. Types of disorders in early developmenti. Pica – ingestion of non-food substances such as paint, pebbles or dirtii. Rumination – repeated regurgitation of foodiii. Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorderiv. Sleep-wake DisordersIII. Picaa. The persistent eating of non-edible/non-nutritive substancesi. Consistent behavior, for at least one month, that is not developmentally appropriate1. Continuous action more than the occasional curiosity of an infant/toddler ii. Often includes1. Sand, dirt, clay, leaves, grass, paint, plastic, string, glass, paper, feces, cigarette butts, metal objects or insects2. Can be food items eaten inappropriately (ie coffee grounds)iii. Often associated with mental retardation or Pervasive Developmental Disorder1. More so in infants and toddlers than othersiv. Mixed evidence for biological factors1. Digestive functioning mattersv. Social learning seems to paly a partial role1. They see someone else (including pets) get attention for it2. Poor attachment makes this a harder habit to breakvi. Can asses through adaptive scalesvii. Treatment may include1. Diet change2. Behavioral interventions (response prevention or habit reversal)IV. Rumination Disordera. Repeated regurgitation and re-chewing of food without a medical causei. Must occur for longer than a monthii. Must be after a period of normal functioning (after they have learned how to properly eat)b. Usually occurs in infancyi. Sometimes later if mental retardation is presentc. Sometimes family dysfunction may cause ruminationi. Most common etiology explanation is social learningii. Someone else gets attention for trouble feeding (not necessarily in this way)d. Can be assessed through adaptive scales, specific interviews or direct observatione. Usually treated behaviorally with family involvementf. Most common in anxious/ambivalent attachment stylesV. Avoidant & Restrictive Food Intake Disordera. Failure to eat adequately – so that energy or nutrition needs are not metb. Results in failure to gain or maintain weightc. Associated with impairment in psychosocial function (cannot be the only cause/reason) – and cannot be related to other impairments of mental or medical disordersd. Often associated withi. Difficult temperamentii. Sensory problemsiii. Poor environmental conditions (including parenting)iv. Developmental delayse. HIGHLY correlated with poor/chaotic parenting stylef. Has been linked to development of anorexia/bulimia later in life, even if disorder is treated during childhoodVI. Sleep Problemsa. Common sleep problemsi. Reluctance to go to sleepii. Nightmaresiii. Nighttime awakeningsb. Primary sleep disorderi. Due to abnormalities in body’s ability to regulate sleep-wake mechanismsand timing of sleep1. NOT due to medical disorder, another mental disorder or medication2. Most kids do not meet full criteria because their sleep problems are transitory (typical for their developmental stage)VII. Disorders of attachmenta. Reactive Attachment Disorderi. Must begin before age 5, specify if persistent (1 year or more) and if severeii. Often appear socially and developmentally delayed1. Fail to smile, fail to bond, lack of eye contact (particularly with adults), lack of attention to the environment, extreme disengagement, slow weight gain, weight loss, feeding problems lethargic or fussyb. Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorderi. Cannot primarily be the result of mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder or ADHDii. Often appear socially and developmentally delayed1. Excessive interest and positive affect towards strangers, overly friendly, clingy, fleeting attachments (with