d. Developmental Epidemiologyi. the field that studies frequencies and patterns of disorders in infants, children and adolescentsii. Prevalence1. refers to all current cases of a set of disordersiii. Incidence1. refers to new cases in a given time periodiv. developmental epidemiologists estimate that 13% of children between 8 and 15 years if age meet criteria for a mental disorder1. all youth up to age 18, about 10% meet criteria2. another 10% don’t meet criteria but do have impairments to daily livingII. Costs of Abnormal Behaviord. many go unnoticed (especially if internalized)i. symptoms are recognized by the child themself but nobody can see from the outsided. many go untreated even when noticedi. denial, lack of trust, lack of money, stigmaii. its more distressing to those who do noticeiii. symptoms like cutting, burning, starvation arise when they want to be seen sufferingd. problems can continue into adulthood if not addressed early oni. although not usually constantii. treatment does “help”d. affects families, peers, teachersi. systems reciprocally influenced. financial hitsi. problem behaviors of youth approximate $435 billion a year on hospitalizations, in-patient treatment, incarcerations, out-patient treatmentii. a little less than 1/10 of that is spent on preventionIII. Field of Abnormal Child Psychd. Recent studyi. youth issues used to be ignored and youth were treated like little adults1. funneled down adult treatments (treatments that work on adults were made developmentally more appropriate for the children) were usually unsuccessfulii. society has changed1. we cannot apply the same treatments to children as adults and expect outcomes to look the samed. Conflicts slowed study down as welli. Theoretical debates1. Theoretical models of development, psychopathology and treatment help to organize clinical observations, research and treatment programs, but people like theirs to be righta. More complementary than exclusiveb. language is the biggest difference in most cases2. ethical/social/legal considerationsa. youth don’t have the same voice (they don’t have the right to consent to treatment or research treatments on their own, their guardians do)b. there are still restrictions on how to study childrenIV. Major Distinction: models of Child Development, Psychopathology, and Treatmentd. Continuous models of psychopathologyi. Emphasize gradual transition from normal range (of feelings thoughts and behaviors) to clinically significant problems1. Ex- ticking time bombd. Discontinuous models of psychopathologyi. Emphasize differences between distinct patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior that are within the normal range and those that define clinical disorders1. Ex- abrupt change**Estimating rates of disorder:Identifying children with clinically significant distress and dysfunction, regardless of treatment (observation)Calculating levels of general and specific psychopathologies and their impairmentsTracking changing trends in the identification and diagnosis of specific categories of disorders (track individuals, disorders or effects of major events {traumatic or not} on disorders)Developmental Epidemiologythe field that studies frequencies and patterns of disorders in infants, children and adolescentsPrevalencerefers to all current cases of a set of disordersIncidencerefers to new cases in a given time perioddevelopmental epidemiologists estimate that 13% of children between 8 and 15 years if age meet criteria for a mental disorderall youth up to age 18, about 10% meet criteriaanother 10% don’t meet criteria but do have impairments to daily livingV. Costs of Abnormal Behaviord. many go unnoticed (especially if internalized)i. symptoms are recognized by the child themself but nobody can see from the outsided. many go untreated even when noticedi. denial, lack of trust, lack of money, stigmaii. its more distressing to those who do noticeiii. symptoms like cutting, burning, starvation arise when they want to be seen sufferingd. problems can continue into adulthood if not addressed early oni. although not usually constantii. treatment does “help”d. affects families, peers, teachersi. systems reciprocally influenced. financial hitsi. problem behaviors of youth approximate $435 billion a year on hospitalizations, in-patient treatment, incarcerations, out-patient treatmentii. a little less than 1/10 of that is spent on preventionVI. Field of Abnormal Child Psychd. Recent studyi. youth issues used to be ignored and youth were treated like little adults1. funneled down adult treatments (treatments that work on adults were made developmentally more appropriate for the children) were usually unsuccessfulii. society has changed1. we cannot apply the same treatments to children as adults and expect outcomes to look the samed. Conflicts slowed study down as welli. Theoretical debates1. Theoretical models of development, psychopathology and treatment help to organize clinical observations, research and treatment programs, but people like theirs to be righta. More complementary than exclusiveb. language is the biggest difference in most cases2. ethical/social/legal considerationsa. youth don’t have the same voice (they don’t have the right to consent to treatment or research treatments on their own, their guardians do)b. there are still restrictions on how to study childrenVII. Major Distinction: models of Child Development, Psychopathology, and Treatmentd. Continuous models of psychopathologyi. Emphasize gradual transition from normal range (of feelings thoughts and behaviors) to clinically significant problems1. Ex- ticking time bombd. Discontinuous models of psychopathologyi. Emphasize differences between distinct patterns of emotion, cognition and behavior that are within the normal range and those that define clinical disorders1. Ex- abrupt changeLecture 2Outline of Last Lecture I. Defining Abnormal Behaviora. Who determines the definition of abnormal?b. Societyc. Clinicald. Estimating Rates of DisordersOutline of Current Lecture II. Defining Abnormal Behaviora. Developmental EpidemiologyIII. Costs of Abnormal Behaviora. Unnoticed/noticedb. effectsIV. Field of Abnormal Child Psychologya. Recent studyV. Major Distinctiona. Continuousb. DiscontinuousCurrent Lectured. Developmental Epidemiologyi. the field that