These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. Lecture 1 Outline of Last Lecture I. No official lecture; Overview of syllabus and introduction to class. Outline of Current Lecture I. Historical Perspectives a. 1798 – Edward Jenner b. 1881 – Louis Pasteur c. 1900s – Karl Landsteiner; Paul Ehrlich II. Immunity a. Innate b. Adaptive Current Lecture 1. Historical perspectives a. 1798 – Edward Jenner i. Noticed women who milked cow did not get smallpox; noticed this because the women had no characteristic scars associated with the small pox disease. 1. The women did however get blisters on their hands; from contact with cow udders (cowpox). ii. Small pox is a dsDNA virus. iii. Thought cowpox might be related to small pox. iv. He injected a young boy with the fluid from a blister on a milkmaid’s hands. He waited a few weeks then exposed the boy to small pox only to observe the boy did not get the disease. v. He then wrote a book on it. The significance of Jenner’s work was not realized until later. b. 1881 – Louis Pasteur i. Worked with chickens and noticed they would die from dysentery caused by cholera. ii. Injected two week old cholera into chickens and found that they did not contract the disease anymore. iii. Concluded that the cholera became attenuated after sitting for two weeks. c. 1900’s – Karl Landsteiner i. By now it is acceptable that vaccines could be used to prevent disease. BIO 360K 1nd Editionii. Noticed that blood transfusion patients often died immediately (at this time it was not known that there were different blood types) iii. He created the agglutination assay and from this discovered the A, B, O antibodies naturally occurring in patients. iv. The idea behind agglutination assay is: 1. Antibody (Ab) + Antigen (Ag) = Agglutination 2. Ab binds to Ag and clumps. v. Immunoprecipitation = Soluble Ab would cause precipitation of Ag 1. This is done in a test tube. Precipitation causes a readable band to form. d. 1900s – Paul Ehrlich i. He asked: How do antibodies gain specificity? ii. There were two theories existing: 1. Instructional theory: we have proteins that undergo structural change to recognize pathogen shape after binding to pathogens. 2. a. This theory was wrong. 3. Immune system is inherited: But how? a. This theory is correct. 2. Immunity a. Innate – 1st line of defense i. Found in vertebrates and even non-vertebrates ii. Cells have toll-like receptors that are phagocytic, can transcribe IF, cytokines, and other factors that kill pathogens. 1. Recognizes pathogen patterns – Like groups/pattern of carbohydrates or lipids on pathogen surface membranes. iii. Innate immunity ‘talks’ to adaptive immunity b. Adaptive i. Has memory. ii. Ex: ABO – blood 1. IgX = Immunoglobulin X (ex: IgG – Immunoglobulin G)2. 3. BSA = Bovine serum; this is the antigen in the previous graph. iii. The switch from IgM to IgG 1. Ag on RBC are carbohydrates 2. Proteins acting as Ag elicit stronger responses. 3. B cells do not switch from IgM to IgG on their own. iv. T cells originate in the marrow and mature in the Thymus. v. B cells originate in the marrow and are then housed in the spleen and lymphoid. 1. Classes of immunoglobulin include: a. IgM, IgG, IgA (in mom’s milk), IgE (responsible for allergies), IgD. vi. B cells can switch to make different classes of immunoglobulin. Class switching is regulated by T-helper cells (Thc) 1. Classes of immunoglobulin include: a. IgM, IgG, IgA (in mom’s milk), IgE (responsible for allergies), IgD. 2. Ex: B cell: 3. B cells already have IgM; we are born with this. 4. Each B cell recognizes each part of the Ag.a. The B cell digests this then presents the digested Ag peptides to the Thc. b. The T-cell receptor has specificity to the peptide. c. But before the Thc can help B cells, it MUST recognize self. If it can’t recognize self, it can’t recognize the B cell. d. Thc recognizes self and then recognizes foreign presentations. e. The T-cell then stimulates the B cell to switch from IgM to IgG production. f. g. Memory cells do not have to switch from IgM to IgG therefore there is a shorter delay of the immune response. h. The primary antibodies used in assays are often IgG.i. Older people still have memory cells therefore their immunes system still works pretty