Radio Frequency Identification RFID Raj Jain Washington University in Saint Louis Saint Louis MO 63130 Jain cse wustl edu These slides are available on line at http www cse wustl edu jain cse574 06 Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 1 2006 Raj Jain Overview What is RFID RFID Applications RFID Tags and RFID Readers Reader Tag Coupling RFID Standards Security Issues Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 2 2006 Raj Jain What is RFID Radio Frequency Identification Reader queries using RF ID sends its ID using RF Competes with Bar Code Magnetic stripes Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICR on Bank Checks Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 3 2006 Raj Jain RFID Applications Pioneered by British during World War II to identify aircrafts 1960 s US Government started using RFID on nuclear and hazardous materials Garage door openers use RFID Implants in human horses fishes animals Animal ID Standards ISO 11784 and 11785 use RFID Automatic Toll Collection Access control Equipment Tracking All shipments to DoD must be RFID tagged Sensor RFID can be used to monitor products inside sealed shipping containers Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 4 2006 Raj Jain Applications Cont Warranty information on RFID tags Smart medical cabinets remind patients to take medications and call doctors if missed Retail loss prevention No need to unload grocery carts for checkout Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 5 2006 Raj Jain RFID Tags Tag Antenna Radio receiver radio modulator control logic memory and a power system Power Source Passive Tags Powered by incoming RF Smaller cheaper long life Approx range 5m Active Tags Battery powered Can be read 100 ft away More reliable reading Semi Passive tags Transmit using Backscatter of readers RF power Battery for logic Range like passive Reliability like active Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 6 2006 Raj Jain Tags Cont Size Hitachi mu chip is 0 4 mm on a side Designed to be embedded in paper documents Can be read within a few cm Verichip makes tags the size of grain of rice Designed to be implanted in humans Identify patients Semi passive RFIDs used in E Z Pass toll collection are paperback book size 5 year battery Security Promiscuous Tag Can be read by any reader Most tags Secure Tag Need reader authentication Usually manual passwords Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 7 2006 Raj Jain Tags Cont Components Simple tags with Serial 96 bit block of readonly storage ROM Read write memory Tags may have embedded sensors tire pressure sensor Kill Feature Special code causes the chip to stop responding Multiple tags can interfere Need a singulation protocol Reader interrogates one tag at a time Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 8 2006 Raj Jain RFID Readers Sends a pulse of radio energy and listens for tags response Readers may be always on e g toll collection system or turned on by an event e g animal tracking Postage stamps size readers for embedding in cell phones Larger readers are size of desktop computers Most RFID systems use License exempt spectrum Trend towards high frequency Band LF HF UHF ISM Frequency 125 134 2 kHz 13 56 MHz 865 5 867 6 MHz Europe 915 MHz USA 950 956 MHz Japan 2 4 GHz Washington University in St Louis 2 400 m 22 m 32 8 cm Classical Use Animal tagging and keyless entry Smart cards logistics and item management 12 5 cm Item Management CSE574s 18 9 2006 Raj Jain Reader Tag Coupling Passive tags have capacitor to store energy for replying TDD Can respond on another frequency while reader is still transmitting FDD Near Field Within a few wavelength Far field Beyond a few wavelengths Low Frequency large system operate in near field High Frequency and UHF system operate in far field 1 Inductive Coupling In near field Both Antennas are coils like transformers Reader sends a AM FM PM modulated wave Tag responds by varying its load on the reader Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 10 2006 Raj Jain Coupling Cont 2 Back Scatter In far field Reflecting the energy back Tag changes its reflection to respond 3 Capacitive Coupling Charged plates as antennas on readers and tags Can be easily printed Chip Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 11 2006 Raj Jain RFID Range Reading range depends upon the transmitted power antenna gains frequency reader receiver sensitivity Affected by the environment Metal objects aluminum foil Water Wetness salt water Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 12 2006 Raj Jain RFID Standards ISO IEC JHC1 SC31 WG4 Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques ISO International Organization for Standardization and IEC International Electro Technical Commission Joint Technical Committee number one JTC 1 ISO IEC Subcommittee SC 31 Electronic Product Code EPCGlobal Industry consortium JTC 1 SC 17 Identification Cards and related devices ISO TC 104 SC 4 Identification and communication ISO TC 23 SC 19 Agricultural electronics CEN TC 278 Road Transport and Traffic Telematics Comit Europ en de Normalisation European Committee for Standardization Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 13 2006 Raj Jain RFID Standards Cont CEN TC 23 SC 3 WG 3 Transportable Gas Cylinders Operational Requirements Identification of cylinders and contents ISO TC204 Transport Information and Control Systems American National Standards Institute ANSI X3T6 RF Identification European Telecommunications Standards Institute ETSI ERO European Radio communications Office ERO Universal Postal Union ASTM International Testing Materials Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 14 2006 Raj Jain Security Issues Unauthorized Reading Competitors can scan closed boxes and find out what is inside Someone can read your RFID enabled credit card Unathorized Writing Can change UPC price of an item Can kill a tag Solution Reader authentication Passwords can be sniffed Washington University in St Louis CSE574s 18 15 2006 Raj Jain Privacy What can you do to prevent others from reading your RFID after you purchase the item Kill the tag Need authentication Put the tag to sleep Used for reusable tags Libraries Authentication to put to sleep and to awaken Re label Customer can overwrite customer specific information Manufacturer specific information can remain Dual Labeling One tag with customer specific information One with manufacturer specific information PIN The reader needs to provide a PIN The user can change the PIN Distance Sensitive Tag is designed so that the
View Full Document
Unlocking...