Where do salts come from?Ocean si 3.5% dissolved saltsWeathering of rocks, river delivery (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+)Hot springs, volcanoes, and the atmosphere (HCO3-, CO32-, Cl-, So42-)Inputs are equal to outputs of salt for the past 100 million yearsOutput is through burial of organisms (shells)Mainly chloride, then sodium, sulfate, magnesium, othersWhat affects salinityMore evaporations  more salineAtlantic ocean: 3 largest rivers dumping into Atlantic  dumps more saltsAt the poles: fresher water over the past 40 years, due to global warming and glaciers meltingNutrient cycling in the oceanWhat controls ocean currentsUneven heating from the sunCoriolis forceNorthern hemisphere – deflected to the rightSouthern hemisphere – deflected to the leftCanary current, benguela current, California current, Peru current4 major places of upwelling in the entire worldBest places for fishing, reason for blue whales, dolphins, etcCurrents go towards the equator, so they deflect to the right/left pushes water AWAY from land, new water refills itThermohaline circulation: controls deep ocean currentsCold Salty, warm salty, cold fresh, warm freshMost  least denseHeat from currents released through evaporation more salty, more dense  sinksHeats Europe by 10 deg C by releasing this heatDeep water formation creates a hole in the oceanChange in salinity shuts down deep water formation Melting the ice caps!!Climate changeHeinrich events: last for 1500 yearsVery, very cold and drySeen in sediments in the North AtlanticSediments are typically extremely fine grained (clay, mud silt)During Heinrich events, there are larger grains found in sediments (sand, rocks, etc)Impossible to get these pieces that far out because the velocity of the water could not carry themOnly soln is they were carried out by a piece of a glacier then droppedDeep water formation was not occurring  extremely cooler“Bi-Polar Seesaw:” when the deep water formation shuts down, northern hemisphere becomes a ton cooler, but becomes much warmer in the southern hemisphereDO: Rapid increase of 5-10 deg C (within 30 years), then plateau, then centuries of cooling, then rapid plunge into ice ageMore oxygen 16 = warmerCarbonate chemistry in the oceanReservoirs vary on decade time scales – atmosphere, ocean, terrestrialOcean contains 93% of carbonPartial pressures of gas rises above ocean  ocean absorbs more CO2Co2 never limiting nutrientOlder water has more Co2 in them because they have more decomposed organismsPlaces with major upwellings relase more Co2 in atmosphereEl Nino year: warmer water holds less dissolved gasesLa Nina = cold year, holds more and becomes a sink for Co2Co2  more acidicHCO3- main carbonate, but some CO32- as well, which organisms make their shells out ofPrior to industrial rev, [Co2] = appx 270/280 ppm; now, 395 ppm and increasing by 1-2 ppm/yearPrior to industrial rev, pH = appx 8.179; now, appx 8.069Alkalinity: how well water can neutralize acidsAragonite: a form of calcium carbonate, but a different crystal lattice than calcite. Causes shells to be more resistantOcean acidification has been as high as 6000 ppm, but coral reefs survivedBUT recently it is so rapid that biology does not have a chance to evolveWhat happens to coral during ocean acidificationCoral reef building majorly decreases10-15% decrease in __________Reversible if you can stop the increase in Co2Co2 still rising in atmosphere because of the ART even if we 100% stopCorals really sensitive to temperature changes because of the symbiotic algaeCoral reefs destroyed  1/3 of small animals wiped outWant to push coral reefs under endangered animals, though they are not endangered yetGreat Barrier Reef shows that coral cover has declined by 50% in the last 30 yearsIts already protected, but maybe we came too late, do not have the ability, etcRising water temperatures, cyclones, and the Crown of Thorns Starfish taking over space/resources and eat everythingThey have grown out of control due to eutrophication/overfishing killing everything elseWashington is first state to tackle ocean acidification because it is threatening their huge shellfish farmsPossibility of evolutionInterdependency of host and symbiont can affect rateThey may more northern/southern into more temperate watersPhenotype plasiticity – ability to respond to change without changing genetic makeupEvidence that corals exposed to a large range of temperatures are more resistant to bleaching17 MC7 short answer2 essaysBRING CALCULATORWicked problemsWater chemMicrobioScientific lectureWater supply/shedsHydrologic cycleOcean cycling/acidificationLecture 10 - Ocean Cycling and Acidification02/26/2013Where do salts come from? -Ocean si 3.5% dissolved salts-Weathering of rocks, river delivery (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+)-Hot springs, volcanoes, and the atmosphere (HCO3-, CO32-, Cl-, So42-)-Inputs are equal to outputs of salt for the past 100 million years oOutput is through burial of organisms (shells)-Mainly chloride, then sodium, sulfate, magnesium, others What affects salinity-More evaporations  more saline-Atlantic ocean: 3 largest rivers dumping into Atlantic  dumps moresalts-At the poles: fresher water over the past 40 years, due to global warming and glaciers melting Nutrient cycling in the ocean What controls ocean currents -Uneven heating from the sun -Coriolis forceoNorthern hemisphere – deflected to the rightoSouthern hemisphere – deflected to the left -Canary current, benguela current, California current, Peru current o4 major places of upwelling in the entire worldoBest places for fishing, reason for blue whales, dolphins, etcoCurrents go towards the equator, so they deflect to the right/left  pushes water AWAY from land, new water refills it -Thermohaline circulation: controls deep ocean currents oCold Salty, warm salty, cold fresh, warm freshMost  least denseoHeat from currents released through evaporation   more salty, more dense  sinks Heats Europe by 10 deg C by releasing this heat oDeep water formation creates a hole in the ocean Change in salinity shuts down deep water formation   Melting the ice caps!! Climate change -Heinrich events: last for 1500 yearsoVery, very cold and dryoSeen in sediments in the North AtlanticSediments are typically extremely fine grained (clay, mud silt)During Heinrich events, there are larger grains found in sediments (sand, rocks,