Aquiclude/aquitard = clay, small grains so water cannot run throughMoving bodies of water: streams and rivers (interchangeable)Stored WaterSurface: Lakes/ReservoirsGroundwater: AquifersIn order to divert surface water ….Guarantee annual replenishmentGood humidityUsually East of the Mississippi and the Pacific NorthwestOther regions rely on groundwater more heavilyProblems: Infiltration rate, subsidence, unnoticed contaminationCalifornia AqueductFrom Sierra Nevada and some other sources (700 mile aqueduct)Maintained by the Department of Water ResourcesPumped storage facilities: High/low elevation reservoirs pumped back and forth during peak/off hours2 along the aqueductProblems:Pumping the Delta Smelt from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River DeltaIndicator speciesMainly affects farmer of central California1990s: State water project, including the Kern Water Bank (pumps, wells, pipelines to recharge the aquifer during wet periods, then draw during dry)1995: State turned it over to Kern county, who sold 80% to private companies (farmers)Want to build a city between LA and Bakersfield using the water from the Kern Water BankTrying to get the water back to CAOwens Valley and Mono LakeOwens: Dry valley, in the Sierra Nevada rain shadowMulholland: Sold water rights in the whole countyBought the San Fernando Valley and made it part of LA so they could pass the bond measure and create the LA aqueductLA Times editors were sneaky and knew the plan, so bough San Fernando houses for pennies then sold for tons of money when water came inTook water that is fed into Mono Lake and put it into the aqueduct1980s: College students prove that Mono Lake’s levels were lowering because of water diversion to LAImportant stopping ground for birdsAlkaline lake fed by springs (Ca and Mg) and streamsSalinity increasing  brine shrimp/flies which are base of entire food webCurrently, Owens Valley has no lake  alkaline dust  diseases, asthma, terrible air qualityLA owes debt to Owens Valley90% done, but have not looked into different mitigation except covering the dust with waterTo what extent is the DWP responsible?600+ million gallons of TREATED water discharged into SoCal oceans/dayRain water designed to go immediately off the streets  the oceanSolutions:Rain water collection1 in of rain provides 600 gallons of H2O on a 100 sq ft houseBanned by CO, UT, and WALA is beginning to require rainwater captureTanks built into the walls, groundsRain water barrelsBiowalls: all drains into a low-lying areaLA Aqueduct: only gravity-fed aqueduct in CAAll others require energy (lots) to move it up and over mts, etcIs Southern California in a water crisis?Overproportioned the CO River to each state because when took the proportions, measured during wet years (even the last 100 years have been wetter)PLUS must deliver water to Mexico bc CO R. no longer reaches Gulf of CA in BajaWater too salty to give to Mexico, so made a desal plant at the border in AZ to barely make the qualification standards for H2O given to MexicoWhere does water come from?Almost half: MWD from CO River42% = LA Aqueduct13% = groundwaterUse grey water from showers, toilets, washing machines  irrigate, and already have phosphates/nitrates in it  no fertilizers necessaryLA recognizes that using more wastewater is necessaryOC has reclamation facility 4x as large as LACompletely transparent with the public  easily embracedOur water contains treated wastewater anywaysLas Vegas puts their treated waste water into Lake Mead LANo greater hormones, pathogens, or other risky organismsLess pathogens in treated wastewaterWater Supply and Watersheds 02/12/2013Aquiclude/aquitard = clay, small grains so water cannot run through Moving bodies of water: streams and rivers (interchangeable)Stored Water-Surface: Lakes/Reservoirs-Groundwater: Aquifers In order to divert surface water ….-Guarantee annual replenishment-Good humidity-Usually East of the Mississippi and the Pacific Northwest-Other regions rely on groundwater more heavily oProblems: Infiltration rate, subsidence, unnoticed contamination California Aqueduct-From Sierra Nevada and some other sources (700 mile aqueduct)-Maintained by the Department of Water Resources -Pumped storage facilities: High/low elevation reservoirs pumped back and forth during peak/off hours o2 along the aqueduct -Problems: oPumping the Delta Smelt from the Sacramento-San Joaquin River DeltaIndicator speciesMainly affects farmer of central California o1990s: State water project, including the Kern Water Bank (pumps, wells, pipelines to recharge the aquifer during wet periods, then draw during dry)1995: State turned it over to Kern county, who sold 80%to private companies (farmers)Want to build a city between LA and Bakersfield using the water from the Kern Water Bank Trying to get the water back to CAOwens Valley and Mono Lake-Owens: Dry valley, in the Sierra Nevada rain shadow-Mulholland: Sold water rights in the whole county -Bought the San Fernando Valley and made it part of LA so they could pass the bond measure and create the LA aqueductoLA Times editors were sneaky and knew the plan, so bough San Fernando houses for pennies then sold for tons of money when water came in -Took water that is fed into Mono Lake and put it into the aqueduct-1980s: College students prove that Mono Lake’s levels were lowering because of water diversion to LA oImportant stopping ground for birds oAlkaline lake fed by springs (Ca and Mg) and streams oSalinity increasing  brine shrimp/flies which are base of entire food web -Currently, Owens Valley has no lake  alkaline dust  diseases, asthma, terrible air quality oLA owes debt to Owens Valley 90% done, but have not looked into different mitigation except covering the dust with water To what extent is the DWP responsible? 600+ million gallons of TREATED water discharged into SoCal oceans/day-Rain water designed to go immediately off the streets  the ocean-Solutions: oRain water collection1 in of rain provides 600 gallons of H2O on a 100 sq ft houseBanned by CO, UT, and WALA is beginning to require rainwater capture Tanks built into the walls, groundsRain water barrelsBiowalls: all drains into a low-lying area LA Aqueduct: only gravity-fed aqueduct in CA-All others require energy (lots) to move it up and over mts, etc Is Southern California in a water