1 cal = 4.18J; amt of eng necessary to raise 1 g of h2o 1 deg Celsius1 dietary calorie = 1000 calExtremophiles: live at extremes of temperatures, salinities, and environmentHighest: +122 C/395 KLowest: -12 C/261 KReactions for life too slow below -40 CComplex molecules too unstable for life above +150 CHabitable zone seen between planets that gives it an excellent greenhouse gas atmosphereMars is right on the edge, Earth is in itMarsCuriosity roverMapped the surface of Mars; know it wellNo evidence of water on the surface, but evidence that it used to existLost its atmosphere  lost greenhouse warming  much too coldFrozen CO2 ice on its polar capsWhat is necessary for life in the solar systemH and He, O, C, Ne, Fe, N, Si, Mg, SAmmonia based life might existNext best thing other than waterHydrogen bonding: not too strong, not too weakNaCl – crucial for neurological functionsSolubility RulesVery soluble: Negative ion, NH4+ (fertilizer), NO3Usually Soluble: Cl-, Br-, I-; SO42-,Only soluble with very soluble cations (NH4+): CO3 2- (limestone). OH-, PO4 3- (bones)Colligative Properties of solvents containing solutesVP lowers, BP elevates, freezing point depression, osmotic pressOsmosis: Desalination uses energy (reverse osmosis)Osmosis – flows from pure to saline solutionSalton Sea, CA (Near palm springs/Coachella)Elevation is not high, not far from CO riverLarge runoff from agriculture improperly diverted filled shallow basin with H2O  Salton SeaBeach of the Salton Sea is a mass of decayed fishPeople used to flock here like VegasDug a marina and created beachfront propertyDried outTerminal Lake: water can run in, but cannot run out, only evaporateWater running in carries lots of fertilizers and saltsNitrogen and phosphorus containing salts act as fertilizersSalt content exceeds the oceans, and increasing (4.1 vs 3.5)Salton City Air QualityImperial county has highest treatment of children with asthma in CANo more irrigation  airborne pesticides, chemicalsSimilar to Owens County and other places that have had water divertedSolubility of Glycine (amino acid)Soluble in waterHydrogen Bonds govern DNA (AT, GC)Neurotransmitters: use one or more strong hydrogen bonds for shape and functionBond more strongly then waterDopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrinePharmacologically Active moleculesHave hydrogen bonding sites so they can bond to receptors on neurotransmittersHeroin vs Morphine: heroin crosses blood-brain barrier and there are morphine molecules in your brain cellsOxycotton: Oxycodone molecule developed from morphineCocaine, nicotine, methMust push water away and compete with itHydrolysis RxnsGas SolubilityHenry’s lawInvolved in the process of Photosynthesis and production of carbohydratesSurface and atmospheric cycling is rapidAutoprotolysis: water spontaneously reacts with itself to for H+ and OH-Kw= [H3O+][OH-]Acid-base equilibrium = 7Soda – extremely acidicBlood and sea water – fairly basicImportant in water quality because of acid rainLecture 2: Water, a Data Driven Prospective01/17/20131 cal = 4.18J; amt of eng necessary to raise 1 g of h2o 1 deg Celsius-1 dietary calorie = 1000 calExtremophiles: live at extremes of temperatures, salinities, and environment-Highest: +122 C/395 K-Lowest: -12 C/261 K-Reactions for life too slow below -40 C-Complex molecules too unstable for life above +150 C-Habitable zone seen between planets that gives it an excellent greenhouse gas atmosphereoMars is right on the edge, Earth is in itoMarsCuriosity roverMapped the surface of Mars; know it wellNo evidence of water on the surface, but evidence that it used to existLost its atmosphere  lost greenhouse warming  much too coldFrozen CO2 ice on its polar capsWhat is necessary for life in the solar system -H and He, O, C, Ne, Fe, N, Si, Mg, S-Ammonia based life might existoNext best thing other than water-Hydrogen bonding: not too strong, not too weakNaCl – crucial for neurological functions Solubility Rules -Very soluble: Negative ion, NH4+ (fertilizer), NO3-Usually Soluble: Cl-, Br-, I-; SO42-, -Only soluble with very soluble cations (NH4+): CO3 2- (limestone). OH-, PO4 3- (bones)Colligative Properties of solvents containing solutes -VP lowers, BP elevates, freezing point depression, osmotic pressoOsmosis: Desalination uses energy (reverse osmosis)Osmosis – flows from pure to saline solutionSalton Sea, CA (Near palm springs/Coachella) -Elevation is not high, not far from CO river-Large runoff from agriculture improperly diverted filled shallow basin with H2O  Salton Sea-Beach of the Salton Sea is a mass of decayed fish oPeople used to flock here like Vegas oDug a marina and created beachfront propertyDried out-Terminal Lake: water can run in, but cannot run out, only evaporateoWater running in carries lots of fertilizers and salts oNitrogen and phosphorus containing salts act as fertilizers oSalt content exceeds the oceans, and increasing (4.1 vs 3.5)-Salton City Air QualityoImperial county has highest treatment of children with asthmain CANo more irrigation  airborne pesticides, chemicalsSimilar to Owens County and other places that have hadwater diverted Solubility of Glycine (amino acid)-Soluble in water Hydrogen Bonds govern DNA (AT, GC) Neurotransmitters: use one or more strong hydrogen bonds for shape and function-Bond more strongly then water -Dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine -Pharmacologically Active moleculesoHave hydrogen bonding sites so they can bond to receptors on neurotransmitters oHeroin vs Morphine: heroin crosses blood-brain barrier and there are morphine molecules in your brain cellsoOxycotton: Oxycodone molecule developed from morphineoCocaine, nicotine, methoMust push water away and compete with it Hydrolysis RxnsGas Solubility-Henry’s lawInvolved in the process of Photosynthesis and production of carbohydratesSurface and atmospheric cycling is rapid Autoprotolysis: water spontaneously reacts with itself to for H+ and OH--Kw= [H3O+][OH-]-Acid-base equilibrium = 7oSoda – extremely acidicoBlood and sea water – fairly basicoImportant in water quality because of acid