READ THE BOOK!>60% of water lost to evaporation, >10% runoff, <10% infiltrates groundwaterZone of Aeration,  Water Table,  Zone of SaturationSoil Moisture belt divides water table and riversFlow of water from high potential to low potentialGravitationalpressure - artesianosmotic - water moves towards the salty water to dilute the saltsmatric - properties of water when its in a really dry layer and thus binds with soil. Seeds have a really negative matric potential so that it will attract the waterWater and Soil InteractionsNutrient Transport, ion exchangeWater weathers rocks that have nutrients trapped in itLeaching materials to groundwaterGood with high mineral contactWater retention in soil regulates vegetative growth17 billion tons of materials washed into ocean each yearFloods – floodplains have fertile soil; excessive runoff/erosion mitigated by riparian vegetationWhen we develop floodplains, we construct levees, dams, floodwalls to direct the riversSoil gets more and more degraded each year because soil is never replenished – we drain the productivityChanged development and natural state of the rivers in the San Fernando ValleyWhen it is extremely rainy, the LA river almost overflows into DOWNTOWNNapa River Floodplain Restoration“Living River Initiative”Originally: Drained wetlands for agriculture damage, lots of flooding and lots of expensive damageconverted it back to natural state and created a buffer zone so if the river overflows, there is area to infiltrate back into the groundSaved lots of moneyDrought – vegetation assists moisture retention in soil and provides moisture in the air through transpirationPlants prevent erosion, retain moisture, and release water vapor into the air to create a humid microclimateWhen we over-utilize the land during droughts, soil becomes saltier and saltier, compaction, winds blowing away top soil, no infiltration just runoff cannot grow vegetation in the futureOwens valley – LA stole its water,  saltier land, topsoil blowing  bronchitisMain question is how much debt LA owes to Owens ValleyInfiltration – rate depends on soil type/porosity, vegetative cover, slope of land, etcClay – water cannot get through, but it retains water wellDirt – water gets in and out extremely (too?) easilyVegetation slows the velocity of waterVegetative cover useful for maintaining soil moistureHydrologic Cycle and the ClimateUnequal heating – more sun near the equator, indirect near the poles Convection currents in atmosphere based on precipitation and windsHadley cells along the equator = warm air  more moisture and precipitationArid, dry air in the poles due to cold, polar cellsITCZ brings monsoonsClimate change  intensification of water cycleMore evaporations, atmospheric water vapor, inc. precipitationDue to warmer air temperature overallEspecially in the poles becausetemperature around the polar regions is increasing a lot faster than in other regionsMelting ice  inc. melted water cover  more water that can evaporateGreat Ocean ConveyorThermohaline CirculationAn inconvenient truthSaid Greenland melting was the worst, but now believe that Antarctica is the worstThe Day After TomorrowBring awareness to if the thermohaline circulation completely stoppedMonitoring the Hydrologic CycleAqua – satellite that explores sea vs. land ice cover, moisture, soil … anything related to water that they can measureHuman Impacts on the Hydrologic CycleTwo main ways we modify the water cyclePavement – UrbanizationFirst inch of rain water contains all the pollution from the groundFlashflood possibilities in the citySummer: Urban Heat Island effectSurfaces absorbing tons of heat with low albedo5 degrees warmer in cities then anywhere elseMicroclimate – risk to human healthAgriculture and grazingWater intensive cropsSoil not rejuvenated; we put the fertilizers in ourselves (synthetic)Grade the land – take away/add slopesDivert a lot of water to irrigate the landLeaves salt behind when the water evaporatesCattle – compact the soil, top soil blows away DesertificationNot natural; done by humans over-exacerbating the landHalf of the land we rely on for agriculture are ones that only get sporadic or seasonal land expands deserts that are already presentHard to reverseMitigating DesertificationHolistic management and following natural processes to turn back desertificationSimilar to polyface farmSan Fernando Valley – Capture Storm water RunoffAllow people to get free rain gardensEffective with low technology, aestheticDissolved oxygen in waterDO concentrations dependent on surface water mixing with airMore turbulent the water, the greater the DO concentrationFish that are more active need more DO than static fishDO concentration highest in deep, cold waterPacific Northwest Dead ZoneAlgal blooms caused by runoff from the MississippiNutrients from fertilizersEutrophication – over abundance of nutrientsCan happen naturally, but usually from humansDiscovered in 2002, extremely close to shoreCaused by climate changeSeasonal area of low DO hundreds of miles off the shore20% of global fisheriesNormally, northerlies come down, then southerlies come back to balance it and not allow the phytoplankton to decompose too quicklyGlobal warming  southerlies not come as quickly  extended upwellingExtended upwelling – oxygen limited (hypoxic) environment20% of global fisheriesWind patterns and currents are causing this  irreversibleHappens seasonally, can grow to be the size of New JerseyAttempts to mitigate HypoxiaSan O – use sea water to cool the power plantWarmer water  more DOSparks up sediment when dumping inBuilt an artificial reef up in San Clemente to counteract thisSTILL, building desal plant in Carlsbad that will cause the same problemHydrologic Cycle (cont) 02/21/2013READ THE BOOK! >60% of water lost to evaporation, >10% runoff, <10% infiltrates groundwaterZone of Aeration,  Water Table,  Zone of SaturationSoil Moisture belt divides water table and rivers Flow of water from high potential to low potential -Gravitational-pressure - artesian-osmotic - water moves towards the salty water to dilute the salts-matric - properties of water when its in a really dry layer and thus binds with soil. Seeds have a really negative matric potential so thatit will attract the waterWater and Soil Interactions -Nutrient Transport, ion exchangeoWater weathers rocks that have