Viruses (nanometers; 20 nanometers/ .2 microns), Bacteria (~2 microns), Protists (~20 microns  2 mm), Animals (~2mm +) …Viewed with: Scanning Electron Microscope, *Biological Microscope, Stereo Microscope, Naked EyeMiCROmeter = “micron”2mm – 2cm can be protists or animalsProtists: Protozoan. Very basic/fundamental evolutionary animal. Single-celled organisms. Free-living outside host or parasite, depending on environmental conditionsExamples:Flagellates (Giardia): 100 micron or smaller, waterborne diarrhea. Use iodine to treat this water. Cant get rid of it, positive feedback loop because it causes more dehydration. Once you get it, you have it forever and can continue to drink the water with only occasional boutsDinoflagellates: Make “red tides” and algal bloom. Can be bioluminescent, or be symbiotic with bacteria to be bioluminescentAlgal Blooms causing public health problemsCiliates (Paramecium): Benign; do nothing. 1mmAmaebae (Entamoeba): Spread by feces, why we wash hands, can cause dysenteryGromia: Only lives in the sediment of Antarctica, 2mm+ in size. Still one cell. Can move things along its body.Reproduce asexually or sexuallyPrey on bacteria, algae, fungi, etcBase of many aquatic foodwebs3 domains of life: Eucaria (animals, fungi, plants, eukaryotes, protists), *Bacteria, Archaea (more extreme types of bacteria)Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)Largest source of nitrogen fixation, cause of algal bloomsAlgal blooms in harbors is a problem because no one knows where its coming from: Septic tank? LA Harbor? Bolsa Chica?Causes problems in sea lions, pelicans, etcLive symbiotically with other organismsCyanobacteria lives in legumesLegumes take nitrogen and convert it into a form that plants can useIs nitrogen fixation a problem in the environment?Use it for fertilizers, crops, etc which makes cyanobacteria produce too much oxygen and cause algal blooms, and be a problem for public healthNitrogen is necessary to produce protein/DNANeurotoxin found in blue-green algae in Guam causing Alzheimers, Parkinsons, etcCycad seeds (Pre WWII) have this cyanobacteriumPUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE – Is Guam a developing country?TrichodesmiumAlgal bloom in Florida that may be a reason for global climate changeProkaryotes: Not Eucaria; has no DNA/nucleus, bacteria+archaeaBacteria and Archaea only different because of their genetic makeupBacteria may have come from ArchaeaVirusesNot Prokaryotes or EukaryotesOrganisms in and of itselfWere they the first or the last?Need a host, but carry RNA not DNA (RNA came first)Infective nature using RNA genomesMany mechanisms of viral transmissionsBetween organismsPeople to people (aerosol, fecal-oral, sexual/bloodborne)Vector borne – mosquitoes/other organisms transmitEnvironmental – all can be classified with thisViruses are everywhere in the environmentBacteriophage: Prey on bacterial populations10^8 particles in almost all bodies of waterusually benignActive viruses can be triggered by environmental changesWhy do we care about virusesMicrobial loop: in the ocean, essential for causing things to go from point A to point BAs the ocean changes (due to warming)  more CO2 coming out of the water from that microbial loop, as well as more viruses present in the microbial loopFuhrman: Microbial loop and research opportunitiesPoliomyelitis (polio)Muscle crippling disease, can be fatalEarly mid-20th century epidemicComes from fecal matter and put into wastewater that is not properly treatedInfected by being exposed to dirty waterBetter sanitation  polio is gonePrior to the 20th century, everyone had polio as a child, but then you became immuneAs water was slightly cleaned, less people exposed  smaller population exposed AFTER the age of 3,  polio, can no longer produce antibodiesViewed that different ethnicities were getting the diseasePolio in the US is now almost entirely eradicatedDo not even vaccinate for polio anymoreNo longer test for polio in H2OEnvironmental Microbiology 02/05/2013Viruses (nanometers; 20 nanometers/ .2 microns), Bacteria (~2 microns), Protists (~20 microns  2 mm), Animals (~2mm +) …Viewed with: Scanning Electron Microscope, *Biological Microscope, Stereo Microscope, Naked EyeMiCROmeter = “micron”2mm – 2cm can be protists or animals Protists: Protozoan. Very basic/fundamental evolutionary animal. Single-celled organisms. Free-living outside host or parasite, depending on environmental conditions-Examples:oFlagellates (Giardia): 100 micron or smaller, waterborne diarrhea. Use iodine to treat this water. Cant get rid of it, positive feedback loop because it causes more dehydration. Once you get it, you have it forever and can continue to drink the water with only occasional boutsDinoflagellates: Make “red tides” and algal bloom. Can be bioluminescent, or be symbiotic with bacteria to be bioluminescentAlgal Blooms causing public health problemsoCiliates (Paramecium): Benign; do nothing. 1mm oAmaebae (Entamoeba): Spread by feces, why we wash hands,can cause dysentery oGromia: Only lives in the sediment of Antarctica, 2mm+ in size. Still one cell. Can move things along its body. -Reproduce asexually or sexually-Prey on bacteria, algae, fungi, etc-Base of many aquatic foodwebs3 domains of life: Eucaria (animals, fungi, plants, eukaryotes, protists), *Bacteria, Archaea (more extreme types of bacteria)Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae)-Largest source of nitrogen fixation, cause of algal blooms-Algal blooms in harbors is a problem because no one knows where its coming from: Septic tank? LA Harbor? Bolsa Chica?oCauses problems in sea lions, pelicans, etc-Live symbiotically with other organismsoCyanobacteria lives in legumesoLegumes take nitrogen and convert it into a form that plants can useIs nitrogen fixation a problem in the environment? Use it for fertilizers, crops, etc which makes cyanobacteria produce too much oxygen and cause algal blooms, and be a problem for public healthoNitrogen is necessary to produce protein/DNA-Neurotoxin found in blue-green algae in Guam causing Alzheimers, Parkinsons, etcoCycad seeds (Pre WWII) have this cyanobacterium oPUBLIC HEALTH ISSUE – Is Guam a developing country?-Trichodesmium oAlgal bloom in Florida that may be a reason for global climate changeProkaryotes: Not Eucaria; has no DNA/nucleus, bacteria+archaea-Bacteria and Archaea only different because of their genetic makeupoBacteria may have come from