Main crops: Maize, soybean, oilseed, brassica (kale, vegetables), cotton, riceCurrent: Tolerance to herbicides and bestsShort term: Fortified nutrients within the food, resistance to pathogens and pests, improve processing and storage10-20 years: Drought/salinity tolerance, increased nitrogen-use efficiency, tolerance to high temperaturesLong term: Nitrogen fixation, increased photosynthetic efficiencyNewest GMO discoveries: Hersheys and Mars competing to change genome of cacao because chocolate is a cash crop but cacao is hard to go (man power, not mechanized, hassle, must grow in shade)Sequence genome  resistant and cheaperThreat of chocolate demand exceeding supplyGMO requires a lot more herbicides and pesticides, and a lot more labor child labor in third world countriesIn taste tests, it tastes like battery acidDegrading quality and using more resourcesTrust of the GMO corporationsLaw that companies can patent strains of genomesMonsanto Protection ActIf there was suspected evidence that the strain was detrimental to the environment, the farmer growing the seed must stop growing the crop while the investigation takes placeBUT with this act, the farmer/company can request a permit to continue growing even while the investigation is happeningPotentially only temporary for 6 monthsLack of transparency and accountability  Tea Party and liberals protesting side-by-side4. Shift towards a plant based dietReduce water consumptionCows drink a significant amount more (22 vs 103L) in intensive CAFOS because cows drink more under stress, and what their fedMore efficient  can feed more people bc cut out a trophic levelIncrease food production by 50%Reduces amount of land neededBalance: there is marginal land that cannot grow crops anyways so can be used for grazing land, but must keep quality land for cropsNot fully veg dietMethane release from cattleCows in India fed better  significantly less methane emissionsSoil and grain by charleton hesstonDive on Netflix5. Reduce food wasteWe waste over 40% of food that’s produced even before it gets to the consumersSpoilage in developing countries and during transportationAesthetic appeal of food in supermarketsSell-by date is much to earlyWe have lost our ability to detect the freshness of foodFree trade  cannot tax any imported goodsNAFTA: Mexico doesn’t tax subsidized American food  much cheaper  dependentFair trade: GOOD; paid a fair living wage and treated properlyJamaica heavily effected by free tradeThese small economies have to be opened up to the world market so they can export their goodsBUT They were given loans if agreed to free trade imported foods become cheaper than local foodsPuts tons of local businesses out of businessAlso puts the country in extreme debt and dependency on foreign countriesExpansion of AquaculturePotential “solution” to increase food securityAlready overfished  Increase reliance on aquacultureCurrently, we only rely on fish for 7% of proteinAquaculture can be very dirty and destroy wetlands to grow fishWays to do this that aren’t damagingUS has the most ocean area to expand intoThere is 200miles off the shore to perform aquacultureAquaculture on land or in the seaOn land uses a lot of water still, but can clean and recycle the water versus once through systemHigh nitrogen wasteUse of antibiotics +  wastewaterCoastal aquaculture for fish, shrimp, mussels, oystersIn pens and using ocean water to flush outIf not enough ocean flow  eutrophicationSometimes species not native then escape and are an invasive speciesStill catch a lot of smaller fish in the wild to feed the salmon  not lowering the environmental impactFish meal sometimes has chicken in itReduce waste in coastal pens: Put benthic organisms under the pens to feed the waste (filter feeders) that then release inorganic waste that is absorbed by seaweedSeaweed and sea cucumbers can then be harvestedHarvest mussels on wind turbinesAnchored fishpens off shore  greater circulation, but the fish feed is still an issueFloating open cages that are pushed along so boats don’t have to go out bc the thing is programed to come back after a certain amount of timeMuch lower impact bc waste is not accumulatingGMOS 04/16/2013Main crops: Maize, soybean, oilseed, brassica (kale, vegetables), cotton, riceCurrent: Tolerance to herbicides and bestsShort term: Fortified nutrients within the food, resistance to pathogens and pests, improve processing and storage10-20 years: Drought/salinity tolerance, increased nitrogen-use efficiency, tolerance to high temperatures Long term: Nitrogen fixation, increased photosynthetic efficiency Newest GMO discoveries: Hersheys and Mars competing to change genome of cacao because chocolate is a cash crop but cacao is hard to go (man power, not mechanized, hassle, must grow in shade)-Sequence genome  resistant and cheaper -Threat of chocolate demand exceeding supply-GMO requires a lot more herbicides and pesticides, and a lot more labor o child labor in third world countries oIn taste tests, it tastes like battery acid oDegrading quality and using more resources Trust of the GMO corporations-Law that companies can patent strains of genomes -Monsanto Protection ActoIf there was suspected evidence that the strain was detrimental to the environment, the farmer growing the seed must stop growing the crop while the investigation takes placeoBUT with this act, the farmer/company can request a permit tocontinue growing even while the investigation is happeningoPotentially only temporary for 6 months oLack of transparency and accountability  Tea Party and liberals protesting side-by-side4. Shift towards a plant based diet-Reduce water consumptionoCows drink a significant amount more (22 vs 103L) in intensive CAFOS because cows drink more under stress, and what their fed -More efficient  can feed more people bc cut out a trophic leveloIncrease food production by 50%-Reduces amount of land neededoBalance: there is marginal land that cannot grow crops anyways so can be used for grazing land, but must keep quality land for crops oNot fully veg diet -Methane release from cattle oCows in India fed better  significantly less methane emissions oSoil and grain by charleton hesston oDive on Netflix5. Reduce food waste -We waste over 40% of food that’s produced even before it gets to the consumers -Spoilage in developing countries and during