HNF 462 1st Edition Lecture 31Outline of Last LectureI. Definition II. Commonly ConsumedIII. SalesIV. Supplement Use in AdultsV. Supplement RegulationVI. DSHEA ImplicationsVII. FDA RolesVIII. St. John’s WortIX. ResourcesOutline of Current LectureI. Molybdenuma. Dietary Sourcesb. Absorption and Transportationc. Functiond. RDA and DeficiencyII. Manganesea. Absorptionb. Functionc. DeficiencyIII. DRIsa. Historyb. Key Componentsc. How the Numbers are Setd. Organizatione. IOM Committee ProcessThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.f. Setting ULg. Setting AIh. DRI ApplicationCurrent Lecture: Molybdenum, Manganese, and DRIs1. Molybdenuma. Dietary Sourcesi. Depends on soil concentrationii. Rich in legumes, meat, fish, and poultryiii. Low in fruits and dairy productsb. Absorption and Transportationi. Little is known about absorptionii. Transported in the blood as molybdatec. Functioni. Cofactor for three metalloenzymes1. Sulfite oxidase: in many tissues2. Aldehyde oxidase: in liver3. Xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidased. RDA and Deficiencyi. Deficiency is rareii. RDA increases during pregnancy2. Manganesea. Absorptioni. Absorption in the small intestine and into cells by DMT1 and ZIPsb. Functioni. Important in enzyme functions involved in:1. Connective tissue synthesis2. Urea synthesis3. Carbohydrate metabolismii. Antioxidantc. Deficiency is rare3. DRIsa. Historyi. Established to address the population-oriented tasksii. Their applications now call for promoting health, not just addressing deficienciesiii. Are a guideline, not necessarily the specific value needed of an individualb. Key Componentsi. EAR: ensures that ½ the population is not deficientii. RDA: two standard deviations of the EAR, ensures 97% of population is not deficientiii. UL: highest intake level before toxicityiv. AI: similar to EAR and RDAv. AMDR: Composition of macronutrientsvi. EER: overall energy requirements based on gender and agec. How the Numbers are Seti. Identify the health outcome and determine how much of the nutrient causes that outcomeii. Frequency Distribution of Requirement1. Normal Distribution Curveiii. The Risk Assessment Approach1. Very low intake: many people at risk for deficiency2. Increase nutrient intake: number of people at risk decreases3. Increase intake to UL and more: health risks increased. Organizationi. Clearly define outcomeii. Establish a dose response (draw a curve)iii. Describe population’s current intakeiv. Describe implication of recommendation compared to current intake; outline a future goale. IOM Committee Processi. Food and Nutrition Boardii. Process ensures independent, objective, and nonpartisan resultsiii. Data evaluation and initial reports by committeeiv. Data reviewed by separate group of expertsv. Committee respondsvi. Changes overseen by the report’s monitor and coordinatorvii. When monitor and coordinator are satisfied, the report is publicly releasedf. Setting ULi. Ethical concerns: cannot feed people high doses to observe bad outcomesii. DRI development usually uses no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) and low-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL)iii. Some based on case reports on accidental overdoseg. Setting AIi. Used when there is not enough data to set EAR and RDAii. Based on observing the intake of a healthy populationh. DRI Applicationsi. Provides standards for good nutritionii. Applicable to the general, healthy populationiii. Assessment of populations: use EARs, not RDAsiv. Planning for populations: tailored to the needs of a populationv. Planning for an individual: use RDAs as a guide—ensures that the individual isless likely to develop
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