HNF 462 1st Edition Lecture 28Outline of Last LectureI. Sources and Forms of Vitamin EII. Digestion, Absorption, and TransportIII. BioavailabilityIV. StorageV. ExcretionVI. Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS)VII. Cellular AntioxidantsVIII. Physiological Functions of ROSIX. Cell Proliferation and DeathOutline of Current LectureI. Chromium Absorption and MetabolismII. Chromium FunctionsIII. Chromium Deficiency/ToxicityIV. Sources of FluorideV. Fluoride Digestion, Absorption, Transport, Storage, and ExcretionVI. Functions and Deficiency of FluorideVII. AI and Toxicity of FluorideCurrent Lecture: Chromium and Fluoride1. Chromium Absorption and Metabolisma. Available in a few oxidative statesi. Most bioavailable form is Cr3+b. Sourcesi. Meats, grains, dark chocolate, beer and winec. Unknown mechanisms for digestion and absorptionThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.d. Large concentrations stored in the kidney, liver, muscle, spleen, heart, pancreas, and bonei. Thought to be stored in tissues with ferric iron because of its transport by transferrine. Transported by transferrin, albumin, globulins, and lipoproteinsf. Excreted via urine2. Chromium Functionsa. Potentiates insulin actioni. Two hypotheses on its mechanism1. Chromium is a part of the glucose tolerance factor (unsure if this actually exists in the body)2. Binds to chromodulin3. Chromium Deficiency/Toxicitya. At risk for Deficiency: TPN patients, aged, trauma, stressb. Symptoms: weight loss, peripheral neuropathy, elevated plasma glucose/impaired glucose use (insulin intolerance), and high plasma free fatty acidsc. Toxicity: DNA damage, renal failure, hepatic dysfunction, respiratory disease, dermatitis4. Sources of Fluoridea. Fluoridated water (levels vary depending on the water)b. Grainsc. Fishd. Toothpastei. Risk of fluoride poisoning for small children5. Fluoride Digestion, Absorption, Transport, Storage, and Excretiona. Fluoride from diet that is bound to protein must be hydrolyzedb. Absorbed very efficiently in the stomach by passive diffusioni. Formation of insoluble complexes with calcium and magnesium decreases absorption ratec. Transported in the blood as its inorganic formd. Stored mostly in bones and teethe. Excretion via urine6. Functions and Deficiency of Fluoridea. Stimulation of osteoblast proliferation and mineral deposition in boneb. Increases resistance of enamel to acid; increases tooth mineralizationc. Replaces hydroxide ions in apatite (crystal salt compound in bone)i. Strengthens bone7. AI and Toxicity of Fluoridea. AI: men = 4mg/day, women = 3mg/dayb. Acute Toxicity: from supplements or too much toothpastec. Chronic toxicity: fluorosisi. Yellowing of teethd. Monitor levels with urine and plasma, but not accurate body status because most is stored in
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