HNF 462 1st Edition Lecture 24Outline of Last LectureI. Zinc AbsorptionII. AcrodermatitisIII. Copper AbsorptionIV. Wilson’s DiseaseV. Iron Homeostasis and ManagementVI. Iron Deficiency and AssessmentVII. Iron RecommendationsVIII. Zinc ManagementIX. Zinc Deficiency and AssessmentOutline of Current LectureI. Functions of ZincII. Zinc-Dependent Enzymes and Transcriptional FactorsIII. Zn Finger ProteinsIV. Zinc DeficiencyV. Development of Immune CellsVI. Reprogramming Under Zinc DeficiencyCurrent Lecture: Zinc and Immune Function1. Functions of Zinca. Tissue/cell growthb. Cell Replicationc. Bone Formationd. Skin Integritye. Cell mediated immunity and host defense2. Zinc-Dependent Enzymes and Transcriptional FactorsThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.a. Over 200 Zn-dependent enzymesi. Carbonic Anhydrase: Conversion to CO2ii. Alkaline Phosphataseiii. Alcohol Dehydrogenase (ADH): alcohol oxidationiv. Superoxide Dismutase (SOD): converts hydrogen peroxide into water; key enzyme in redox homeostasisb. Zinc Finger Proteins: function as transcriptional factors3. Zn Finger Proteinsa. Peptide chain structure contains two cysteine and 2 histidine molecules that can graba Zn atom in the middle—pulls strings of proteins together in a loopb. Can grab DNA and either inhibit or initiate DNA transcriptionc. Zn wouldn’t be functional without this structure4. Zinc Deficiencya. Degradation of proteins i. Metallothionein (storage of zinc): zinc will be released and will travel to otherlocations where it is neededii. Less essential Zn proteins (usually in the lysosome) will be degraded to release Zn to offer it to more important proteinsb. Impairment of Immune Functionsi. Thymic atrophy: diminishment of the thymus gland (responsible for the maturation of T cells)ii. Lymphopenia: decreases lymphocyte numberiii. Immune Cells (B and T cells) lose function: increased rates and duration of infection5. Development of Immune Cellsa. All immune cells develop from stem cells in the bone marrowi. Multi-potent: Have the potential to develop into multiple types of cellsb. Myeloid Stem Cells (Innate System)i. Develop into sub-categories of white blood cells: neutrophils, mast cells, monocytes, and basophilsii. Responsible for the first line of defense: initial response to infectionc. Lymphoid Stem Cells (Adaptive System)i. Develop into B cells, T cells, and Natural Killer cellsii. Most potent line of defense: responsible for the second line of defense once the body has adapted to a specific invader6. Reprogramming Under Zinc Deficiencya. Immune system reprograms during zinc deficiency by decreasing the number of lymphocytes (adaptive system shuts down) and by increasing the number of cells in the myeloid/innate systemi. Immune system saves the first line of defense, but long-term immunity diminishes and infection rates and duration
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