PHIS 206 1st EditionLecture 36Outline of Last Lecture I. We Regulate 3 Hormones for PlasmaII. Plasma Calcium LevelsIII. Parathyroid HormoneIV. BonesV. Parathyroid Hormone in KidneysVI. Parathyroid Hormone in IntestinesVII. Control of ParathyroidVIII. CalcitoninIX. Vitamin DX. Normal Plasma Calcium LevelsXI. Deficiency in Vitamin D, Calcium, Parathyroid HormoneXII. Parathyroid Hormone DisordersXIII. Vitamin D Deficiency XIV. Fracture BonesOutline of Current Lecture I. Reproductory SystemII. Secondary CharacteristicsIII. MaleIV. FemaleV. Temperature MaintainedVI. HistoryVII. Testes into ScrotumVIII. Effects of TestosteroneIX. Male Secondary Sex CharacteristicsX. Testosterone Anabolic EffectXI. GonadotropinsXII. PubertyXIII. OvariesXIV. Ovarian CycleXV. HypothalamusXVI. Uterine (menstrual cycle) Current LectureI. Reproductory System-Function: to create another organismThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-Primary organs: ovaries: produce estrogen, progesterone testes: produce testosterone-Also includes Reproductory tract + accessory glandsII. Secondary Characteristics-body contours-distribution of hairIII. Male-produce + deliver sperm-testes suspended in a sac of skin temperature below normal (approx 92⁰F) sperm won’t survive much above 94⁰F-95⁰F-sex glands that secrete into ductIV. Female-bring sperm and ovary together-maintain and deliver embryo-provide nourishment-fertilization: egg + sperm togetherV. Temperature Maintained-muscles bring testes close to body when ready to cool-reflexive mechanismVI. History-late 19th and early 20th century: male sits on steam radiator to kill sperm to prevent pregnancyVII. Testes into Scrotum-2 months before birth-promoted by testosterone-sometimes 1 or both testes remain undescended induced by testosterone-cryptochordism: undescended testes sterile remains in body cavity-75% mass of testes consists of seminiderous tubules (produce sperm)-25% mass of testes consists of interstitial (Leydig Cells) produce testosterone diffuses into high concentrations into tubulesVIII. Effects of Testosterone-maturation of rep. system w/o testosterone = Female-mother has no masculinizing hormone in circulation-fetus will develop into female-masculinization by release of testosterone-masculinizes rep. tract, testes descend-at birth, secretion of testosterone stops until puberty age-testosterone during puberty causes growth and maturation of rep. systemIX. Male Secondary Sex Characteristics-response to secretion of testosterone-beard growth, deep voice, body hair, muscle definition-castrated male: no facial hair-castrated before puberty: eunuch no adult male characteristics does not mature sexuallyX. Testosterone Anabolic Effect-promotes protein synthesis (muscle development)+ bone growth-ultimately terminates bone growth stimulant for long bones decalcifies cartilage of long bones in the long run cartilaginous growth areas calcifies + adult height reached: for boys during pubertyXI. Gonadotropins-LH: (ludinizing hormone) stimulates interstitial cells to secrete testosterone-FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone): for spermXII. Puberty-LH and FSH low before puberty-At puberty, gonadotropin hormones secreted-trigger at hypothalamus hypothalamus secretes gonadotropin-secreting hormone pituitary secretes LH and FSHXIII. Ovaries-when girls enter puberty, oscillate b/w 2 states follicular phase luteral phase-interrupted by pregnancy; enter luteral phase-trigger for puberty: hypothalamus secretes larger amounts of gonadotropin-mentrual cycle approx. every 28 daysXIV. Ovarian Cycle-primary follicle: O site surrounded by layer of cells called granulose cells granulose cells proliferate + forms a little cyst fluid inside cyst follicular cells secrete estrogeno estradiol: major estrogeno some go into circulationo but most in fluid that forms follicleso 1 follicle will grow faster than others known as graafian follicle- reward: it gets to die- it ruptures and releases into body cavity called ovum- marks end of Flooicular Phase (ovulation)- ruptured follicle will release progesterone and other compounds- some become yellow known as corpus glutium (yellow body)- corpus glutium does not implant: no pregnancy- if implanted: corpus glutium maintained - follicular phase: high circulating levels of estrogen- luteral phase: high progesterone, low estrogenXV. Hypothalamus-LH and FSH involved-surge in plasma LH levels triggers ovulation, maintained during pregnancyXVI. Uterine (menstrual cycle)-effect of estrogen and progesterone-amounts to responses of uterus to these
View Full Document
Unlocking...