PHIS 206 1st EditionLecture 31Outline of Last Lecture I. Endocrine SystemII. HormonesIII. Endocrine SystemIV. Hormones controlling secretions of other hormonesV. ComplexitiesVI. Hormones: Chemical StructuresVII. Peptides and SteroidsVIII. PeptidesIX. SteroidsX. AminesXI. Common Characteristics of All HormonesXII. Circulating Levels of HormonesXIII. Endocrine DisordersXIV. HypersecretionXV. Down RegulationOutline of Current Lecture I. Location + Anatomy of PituitaryII. Blood Supply in Anterior Pituitary GlandIII. Mammals (except humans)IV. 2 Kinds of Hormones of Posterior PituitaryV. Anterior LobeVI. Secretions of Anterior Pituitary VII. Hormones of Anterior LobeVIII. Growth HormoneCurrent LectureI. Location + Anatomy of Pituitary-line going through your head and intersection is pituitary-adeno-hypophysis: arises from connective tissue ; anterior gland-neuro-hypophysis: posterior pituitary with cell bodies in the hypothalamus (neurohormones of neurocells)II. Blood Supply in Anterior Pituitary Gland-consists of blood already in arteries and capillaries in hypothalamus-hypothalamus secretes a lot of tropic hormones affecting pituitary glandIII. Mammals (except humans)These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.-intermediate: secretes hormones (non-functional in humans) modifies darkening of skinIV. 2 Kinds of Hormones of Posterior Pituitary-Vasopressin=ADH cells that secret it are osmoreceptors increase rate of water; plasma osmolarity increases classic negative feedback released in bloodstream-Oxytocin promotes uterine contraction promotes lactation entirely neural stimulationV. Anterior Lobe-site of synthesis; secretion-6 hormones ―Peptide Hormones Prolactin, Growth Hormone, Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Adrenocorticotropin, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone = Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone Tropic (hormones that stimulate activities of other hormones): Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone, Adrenocorticotropin, Follicle-Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone = Interstitial Cell-Stimulating Hormone Gonado tropic: Follicle-Stimulating HormoneVI. Secretions of Anterior Pituitary -direct feedback from target cells -control by secretions from hypothalamus since circulation in anterior has blood which has already been in the capillaries of the hypothalamus, the hypothalamus secretes directly into the bloodstream Advantages: o Hypothalamic Hormones: don’t get diluted when it is on its way to theanterior (< 5L) Hypothalamo- Hypophyseal Portal System:o arteriole, capillary, arteriole, capillary, venuleVII. Hormones of Anterior Lobe-Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone = TRH-Corticotropin Releasing Hormone=CRH-Prolactin Releasing Hormone = PRH-Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone =PIH : ONLY ONE THAT IS NOT A PEPTIDE ; NOT TROPIC-Growth Hormone Releasing =GRH: NOT TROPIC-Growth Hormone Inhibiting=GHI-Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone=GnRH2 Levels of Secretion*The ones without inhibitors have inhibitors, but they are not released by the hypothalamus.VIII. Growth Hormone-Major effect it has: promotion of growth; extension of long bones-Additional Effects stimulation of protein synthesis inhibition of protein breakdown-Has a general metabolic effect/fat-mobilizing effect decreases glucose intake by muscles increases plasma glucose levels-Also stimulates tissue growth increases rate of amino acids and protein synthesis-Effect on Bone growth cartilaginous plate thickens and bones ossifies behind it long bones synthesize more at the end can only happen until the cartilaginous plates are totally ossified -Chemical Situations of Growth Hormone Deficiency Causes: defective anterior pituitary synthesizes too much or too less Growth Hormone Adults: results in reduced muscle and strength; reduced bone density In Children: results in dwarfism, poor muscle development, large amount of accumulation of subcutaneous fat-Clinical Situations of Growth Hormone Excess Cause: pituitary tumor increase in height; normal proportions and of adolescence, long bones cannot grow anymore, but short bones can thicken, jaw bone can be prominent, brows thicken, large hands acromegaly: adult pituitary giant whose hypersecretion of Growth Hormone continued onto adulthood growth hormone is secreted throughout lifeEssential to the growth of all tissuesMuscles metabolize faster as fuel when Growth Hormone
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