PHIS 206 1st EditionLecture 33Outline of Last Lecture I. Thyroid GlandII. 2 Thyroid HormonesIII. Follicular CellsIV. T4 v. T3V. Major Effect of Thyroid HormoneVI. Anabolic ProcessesVII. Fat-Mobilizing VIII. Thyroid HormoneIX. TSH (Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone)X. TRHXI. Causes of HypothyroidismXII. Symptoms of HypothyroidismXIII. Causes of HyperthyroidismXIV. Symptoms + Effects of Grave’s DiseaseXV. Another Cause of HyperthyroidismXVI. GoiterOutline of Current Lecture I. Adrenal GlandsII. Adrenal CortexIII. GlucocorticoidsIV. Function of AldosteroneV. CortisolVI. Sex Hormones―Dehydroepiandrosterone VII. Hypersecretion of AldosteroneVIII. Hypersecretion of GlucocorticoidsIX. DHEA HypersecretionX. ControlXI. Hyposecretion in Adrenal CortexXII. Adrenal MedullaXIII. Effects of Epinephrine + Norepinephrine in CirculationXIV. Disorder of Catecholamine-Secreting TumorCurrent LectureI. Adrenal Glands-adrenal: on kidneyThese notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute. 2 parts: inner medulla and outer cortexII. Adrenal Cortex-secretes steroids (fat-soluble, secreted as synthesized, diffuse into target cells)-3 Layers zona glomerulosa: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) zona fascicular: Glucocorticoids (cortisol) zona reticularis: sex steroids (DHEA)III. Glucocorticoids-influence metabolism of organic compoundsIV. Function of Aldosterone-promotes reabsorption of Na+ and secretion of K+ in distal convoluted tubule-increase body Na+ levels, which increases fluid volume and plasma volume-primary stimulus: angiotensin (promotes release of aldosterone in kidneys)V. Cortisol-stimulates liver-stimulates breakdown of protein into amino acids-maintains plasma levels of amino acids and glucose -inhibits glucose intake by most tissues except the brainVI. Sex Hormones―Dehydroepiandrosterone -no function in men b/c less of it than testosteroneVII. Hypersecretion of Aldosterone-depresses K+-increases arterial pressure-result from tumor or excess levels of angiotensin VIII. Hypersecretion of Glucocorticoids-Cushing’s Syndrome elevated plasma glucose levels fatty deposits on face and stomach “moon” face muscle wasting loss of collagen (backbone of bones)o poorly-healing woundso fragile bonesIX. DHEA Hypersecretion-in women Hirsutism: male pattern hair development; increased muscle definition; narrower hips; breast reduction; can suppress female sex hormones; irregularmenstrual cycle; deep voice-in pre-puberty boys precocious puberty: voice deepens; muscle definition; hair thickening; looks like puberty but is not; not developing mature sperm; cannot become fatherX. Control-glucocorticoid: control of pituitary (anterior pituitary) negative feedbackXI. Hyposecretion in Adrenal Cortex-Addison’s Disease: generalized atrophy; adrenal cortex dies; Hyposecretion hyposecretes steroids (Glucocorticoids, cortisol, etc..) cortisol reduction: reduced level of response to stress; not lethal DHEA reduction: no threat aldosterone reduction: life-threatening o plasma volume so low that within two weeks, life gone (in the past)o now: treatable with steroidso before: treat with high salt intakeXII. Adrenal Medulla-sympathetic pathways: CNS -> pre-ganglionic -> post-ganglionic -> target cells -> release of norepinephrine onto cell-adrenal medulla: norepinephrine + epinephrine hormones secretes sympathetic stimuli (catecholamines) produced ratio of 4:1 (epinephrine:norepinephrine) secreted directly into circulationo endocrine cells NOT nerve cells-adrenal medullary cells: store and synthesize norepinephrine + epinephrine in granules; also known as chromaffin granules great affinity for colors: chromaffin granules cells loaded with chromaffin granules: chromaffin cellsXIII. Effects of Epinephrine + Norepinephrine in Circulation-increased heart rate, stroke volume, arterial pressure-sympathetically stimulated-flight-or-fight: initial response is from sympathetic nervous system increases secretion by adrenal medulla gradual coming back to normal: clearing norepinephrine and epinephrine initial: neural response prolong: endocrine response-increase circulating levels of glucose + fat-disorder of adrenal medulla virtually unknownXIV. Disorder of Catecholamine-Secreting Tumor-pheochromocytoma: tumor that secretes epinephrine + norepinephrine, so increased levels of catecholamine high blood pressure elevated pulse large plasma
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