READINGS- CH 5Child Development: An Active Learning Approach (Laura E Levine. Joyce Munsch)FSHD 323107/170 males conceived to every 100 females conceived because sperm carrying X chromosome swim slower.Gestational stagesGerminal stage- conception to two weeksEmbryonic stage- 2 weeks to 2 monthsFetal stage- 2 months to birthGerminal stage:When sperm penetrates egg, zygote is formed.Cell division begins.15 hours for single cell to become 2at 5 days, about 32 cells are formed.Able to implant in uterine wallAs number grows, solid ball becomes hallowBlastocyte- (inner) solid group of cells ay one end and an outer ring of cells called a trophoblastInner cell mass will become the embryoOuter ring will become support systemPlacentaChorionCells in the trophoblast secrete ad enzyme that digests some of the lining of the uterus to allow for implantationAfter implantation finger like projections from trophoblst grow into uterus and connection is established.Embryo then begins to draw nutrients from the first time from motherInfertility:Conceive a child in one year10% to 15% of couples in US are infertile40% female flaws 40% male flaws, 20% undeterminedEmbryonic Stage:Embryo is after two weeksSupport system includes two fetal membranes as well as placenta and umbilical cordMembranes are two sacs, one inside otherChorion- is outer one, connection that establishes uterus and gives rise to placentaAmnion- inner one, surrounds developing embryo, filled with amniotic fluid to cushion and protect during development.Before fetus is able to move by itself, smooth muscle in amnion rock embryoPlacenta perfoms essential functionsBrings oxygenNutrientscarries away wasteno intermingling of blood between mother and babyMaternal blood (high concentration of oygen and nutrients) flows into placenytaThree different inner cell massesEctoderm- outermost layer.Skin, sense organs, brain, spinal cord,Endoderm- innermost layerRespitory, digestive, liver, pancreasMesoderm- middle layerMuscle, bones, blood, heart, kidneys, gonadsOrgangenesis also occursBody systems laid downWeek 2- week 8Brain and nervous system developHeart begins to form and beatLimbs appearSex organs undifferentiatedAt 9 weeks, head represents halfCephalocauldal phase-Development of head5-6 weeksspontaneous movement begins8 weeksall organs have been laid downCRITICAL PERIOD50-80% of miscarriages occur in first trimester.Caused by chromosomal abnormalitiesEmbryo one inch longFetal StageBeginning of third month to birth]Transformation of gentials9 weeks, testes formandrogen is being releasedhormones produced prenatally not only change physically but alter brain chemistry26 weeks- brains between female and male can be seen in ultrasound10 weeks- fetal breathing movements beginthere is no air to breathe,breathe in and expel amniotic fluid24-28 weeks old, breathe 14% of time32-40 weeks old, 30% of timedecrease in activity 3 days before labourdoes not resume until after birthWeek 12 and 16 women can feel movement of fetusLlight fluttering20 weeks50 times in single 50 minute sessionthen declines until birth32 weeksmost of time sleeping 90-95%Labor and Delivery10-20 hours-first time mothersthree phasesFIRST STAGEearly labortrue contractions begin30-60 seconds and come every 5-20 minutesas cervix opens, mucus plug is discharged from cervixactive laborwhen cervix is 4 centimeters dialatedlonger, stronger, more frequentdialating at faster pacelast one minute and come every 5 minutesneed pain medicine or relaxation strat.½ of women use epideralslasts between 3 and 8 hoursTransitionSeven centimeters dialatedShortest and most difficult15 minutes and three hoursvery rapid and last 90 secondslittle or no pause between¾ of women- amniotic sac ruptures“water breaks”Second Stage10 centimeters dialatedcontractions push baby through birth canalstrong urge to push with each contractionsome choose not to so vaginal wall does not tearin 40% of births doctor makes an episiotomyincision from back of vagina to anusbaby can exit without tearingThird StageUterus contracts to expel placentaEasy5-10 minutesdoctor will close episiotomyBirthing optionsLabor is induced for 20-34% of birthsBirth centerSquatting to ease painBirth for babyHormones clear lungs10% of newborns need help breating after birthApgar scaleUsed at one and five minutes prior to birthActivity, pulse, grimace, appearance, repiration7-10 is normal4-6 some intervention is needed3 or less is emergencyREADINGS- CH 5 Child Development: An Active Learning Approach (Laura E Levine. Joyce Munsch)FSHD 323107/170 males conceived to every 100 females conceived because sperm carrying X chromosome swim slower. Gestational stages- Germinal stage- conception to two weeks- Embryonic stage- 2 weeks to 2 months- Fetal stage- 2 months to birth  Germinal stage:- When sperm penetrates egg, zygote is formed.- Cell division begins. o 15 hours for single cell to become 2- at 5 days, about 32 cells are formed. o Able to implant in uterine wall- As number grows, solid ball becomes hallowo Blastocyte- (inner) solid group of cells ay one end and an outer ring of cells called a trophoblasto Inner cell mass will become the embryoo Outer ring will become support system Placenta Chorion- Cells in the trophoblast secrete ad enzyme that digests some of the lining of the uterus to allow for implantation- After implantation finger like projections from trophoblst grow into uterus and connection is established.o Embryo then begins to draw nutrients from the first timefrom mother Infertility:- Conceive a child in one year- 10% to 15% of couples in US are infertile- 40% female flaws 40% male flaws, 20% undetermined Embryonic Stage:- Embryo is after two weeks- Support system includes two fetal membranes as well as placenta and umbilical cordo Membranes are two sacs, one inside other Chorion- is outer one, connection that establishesuterus and gives rise to placenta Amnion- inner one, surrounds developing embryo, filled with amniotic fluid to cushion and protect during development.  Before fetus is able to move by itself, smooth muscle in amnion rock embryo Placenta perfoms essential functions Brings oxygen Nutrients carries away waste no intermingling of blood between mother and baby Maternal blood (high concentration of oygen and nutrients) flows into placenyta  Three different inner cell masses  Ectoderm- outermost layer. - Skin, sense organs, brain,