Infant and Toddler Physical Development FSHD 3239-24-13 ReflexesControlled by lower brain stemInfants have 27 reflexesSome reflexes and permanentOther reflexes are primitivedecrease over timeWhy?Survival- feedingEvolutionary adaptive function- cling to mothersPractice for later- palmar graspParent child bondingEncourage responsivenessSignal need, encourage soothingIndicators of neurological developmentNo Babinski reflex- lower spine defectWhen they don’t dissipear ontime- not occurring right.Infant StatesRecurring patterns of arousal ranging from waking to sleepingAs adults, infant states are organized and predictable, and regulated by internal forcesBecome more adult like by end of 2 years oldTotal sleep eclines, longer period of wakeSleep patterns are more controlled by light-darkRather than hungerInfants- hungerNewborn statesRegular sleep 8-9 hoursIrregular sleep 8-9 hoursDrowsiness .5-3 hoursQuiet aleartness- 2-3 hours70% of time sleepingshifts in circadian time4 weeks- periods of sleep are longer and fewer6 months- melatonin starts1 year- most infants can sleep through the nightSleepREM sleepRapid jerky eye movementsFluctuating heart hatesBlood pressure upBrain wave similar to awakeAssociated with dreaming in adultsInfants sleep about 50% of time in REM sleep3-5 years- adulthood 20% REMSleepAutostimulation theoryDuring rem sleep, brain stimulates selfStimulates CNSBrain development occursPatterns declineRequire less autostimulation over timePre term infants spend more time in REMInfants with more awake stimulation spend less time in REM sleepDisrupted REM patterns linked to motor, cognitive, and language deficits.CryingDevelopmental pattern across culturesPeak at 6 weeksSharply declines by 3 monthsMore related to psychological than physical needsMore crying at nightIndividual patternsYou cannot spoil a babyPatterns across culturesBasic- linked to hunger, starts low and gets louder more rhythmicAngry cry- similar to basic less organized, shorter periods of inhalingPain cry-Adult responsivenessDiversity in response patterns within and across culturesBelief about child developmentOwn feelings and perceptionsSkillsMothers better at interpreting than fathersWomen better than menParents better than non-parentsSoothing an infantIndividual differencesSome easier than othersNeurological damage/ temperamentSelf soothing- a goal of infants is to develop strategies to self regulate emotionsSucking is a common response that is even seen in uteroEffectiveness decreases unless accompanies by contact with a caregiverTurning headParent soothingGreat debateLet baby “cry it out”Effective wayHolding baby on shoulderSwaddlingMajor themesDevelopment of the senses and perception is a continuous process that begins in utero and continues to improve throughout infancy and in some cases throughout childhood.Development of the senses and perceptual capibilities should be seen as integrated dynamic processesInfants are hardwired from birth for human interactionPromotes further developmentHearingDevelops in uteroHear high pitch sounds betterRequire louder volume (10-17 decibles to hear it)Prefer human speechLook longer when person talkingMothers voiceCan hear all possible language sounds6-8 months prefer own languagestatistical learning capacity- analyze speech stream for regular sound sequencesbababacabababacabababadamusical preferenceVisionAcuity- sharpness or vision, discriminatin, finenessNewborns can onluy see objectsFuzzy visionPoor contrast sensitivityThe size, shape, and arrangement of cones, that are still developing.Face preferencePredictable developmental patternsNeonates scan small sections on outside of faceTwo mointhsFocus on features of faceSpend time on eyes and mouthGood at recognizing face as a wholePrefer attractive facesSymmetrical Infant and Toddler Physical Development FSHD 323 9-24-13Reflexes- Controlled by lower brain stem- Infants have 27 reflexes- Some reflexes and permanento Other reflexes are primitive decrease over time Why?- Survival- feeding- Evolutionary adaptive function- cling to mothers- Practice for later- palmar grasp- Parent child bondingo Encourage responsivenesso Signal need, encourage soothing- Indicators of neurological developmento No Babinski reflex- lower spine defecto When they don’t dissipear ontime- not occurring right. Infant States- Recurring patterns of arousal ranging from waking to sleeping- As adults, infant states are organized and predictable, and regulated by internal forces- Become more adult like by end of 2 years oldo Total sleep eclines, longer period of wake- Sleep patterns are more controlled by light-darko Rather than hungero Infants- hunger  Newborn states- Regular sleep 8-9 hours- Irregular sleep 8-9 hours- Drowsiness .5-3 hours- Quiet aleartness- 2-3 hours 70% of time sleeping- shifts in circadian time- 4 weeks- periods of sleep are longer and fewer- 6 months- melatonin starts- 1 year- most infants can sleep through the night Sleep- REM sleepo Rapid jerky eye movementso Fluctuating heart hateso Blood pressure upo Brain wave similar to awakeo Associated with dreaming in adults- Infants sleep about 50% of time in REM sleep- 3-5 years- adulthood 20% REM Sleep- Autostimulation theoryo During rem sleep, brain stimulates self Stimulates CNS Brain development occurso Patterns decline Require less autostimulation over timeo Pre term infants spend more time in REMo Infants with more awake stimulation spend less time in REM sleepo Disrupted REM patterns linked to motor, cognitive, and language deficits.  Crying- Developmental pattern across cultureso Peak at 6 weekso Sharply declines by 3 monthso More related to psychological than physical needso More crying at nighto Individual patternso You cannot spoil a baby- Patterns across cultureso Basic- linked to hunger, starts low and gets louder morerhythmico Angry cry- similar to basic less organized, shorter periods of inhalingo Pain cry- - Adult responsivenesso Diversity in response patterns within and across cultureso Belief about child developmento Own feelings and perceptions- Skillso Mothers better at interpreting than fatherso Women better than meno Parents better than non-parents Soothing an infant- Individual differenceso Some easier than otherso Neurological damage/ temperament- Self soothing- a goal of infants is to develop strategies to self regulate emotionso