Infant Development FSHD 3239-26-13Themes:Development of the senses and perception is a continuous process that begins in uteroContinues to develop through infancyChildhoodDevelopment of the senses and perceptual capabilities should be seen as integratedInfants seem to be hardwired from birth for human interaction that in turn promotes development.Face preferenceNeonates: small sections of the outer parts of a face2 months: focus on the interior features of the face3 monthsVisionfemale biasfemale face “prototype:prefer and process more efficientlycognitive tasks with femalematch voicegrouprecognizefemales better at reading facessmaller peer groupmothers and female strangers more likely to approach babymale faces are more variabledifficult, less attention from malesRace BiasBy 3-4 months prefer and distinguish features of own race betterUniversal to same race bias shiftThat babies are better attuned to prefer faces like those that they specifically see in their every day lives. They start universal but they are only exposed to those they see in their close family, causing them to want to quickly distinguish their family member’s face.Motor development:New motor skills are reorganizations of previously mastered skills. Lead to more effective ways of controlling and exploring the environment.Motor skills work as a system.Each new skill is a product of the coordination of:CNS developmentBody capabilitiesChild’s goalEnvironmental support for goalsPatternsMotor development marked by increasing corneal and integration of cognitive and physical systemsReflexes give way to controlled movements as higher areas of the cortex undergo myelinationGross motorFirstStanding crawlingFine motorSmaller movementsReaching graspingVariability of timing and rate for bothEnvironmental or cultural differences:Motor development occurs at different times for different culturesPatterns:Cephelpcaidal trend- growth from head downwardProximodistal trend- growth from center outwardVisual cliff experimentBabies develop fear of heights1.5 months- show interest in deep side6-14 months- refuse to cross deep sidedepends on when they started crawlingcrawling promotes brain developmentespecially development related to vision and spaceScale of DevelopmentCompared to other speciesHumans have prolonged period of growthInfants double weight5 monthstriple weightfirst yearquadruplesecond yearcontinuous vs. discontinuousSkeletal GrowthSkeletal ageBest estimate of child’s physical maturityBone forms cartilage during embryonic stageContinues throughout childhoodEpiphyses- growth centers at end of long bonesCartilage cells producedOnce they disappear, growth is done.Heredity- individual and ethnicGiven adequate environmental supports- height and rate of growth are largely controlled by heredityMax out genetic potentialDuration, severity, and timing of deprivationEarlier and prolonged deprivation is hardest to reverse. Infant Development FSHD 323 9-26-13Themes:- Development of the senses and perception is a continuous process that begins in uteroo Continues to develop through infancyo Childhood- Development of the senses and perceptual capabilities shouldbe seen as integrated- Infants seem to be hardwired from birth for human interactionthat in turn promotes development. Face preference- Neonates: small sections of the outer parts of a face- 2 months: focus on the interior features of the face- 3 months Vision- female bias- female face “prototype:- prefer and process more efficiently- cognitive tasks with femaleo match voiceo groupo recognize- females better at reading faceso smaller peer group- mothers and female strangers more likely to approach baby- male faces are more variableo difficult, less attention from males Race Bias- By 3-4 months prefer and distinguish features of own race better- Universal to same race bias shift That babies are better attuned to prefer faces like those that they specifically see in their every day lives. They start universal but they are only exposed to those they see in their close family, causing them to want to quickly distinguish their family member’s face.  Motor development:- New motor skills are reorganizations of previously mastered skills. Lead to more effective ways of controlling and exploringthe environment. - Motor skills work as a system. Each new skill is a product of the coordination of:- CNS development- Body capabilities- Child’s goal- Environmental support for goals Patterns- Motor development marked by increasing corneal and integration of cognitive and physical systems- Reflexes give way to controlled movements as higher areas of the cortex undergo myelination Gross motor- First- Standing crawling Fine motor- Smaller movements- Reaching grasping o Variability of timing and rate for both Environmental or cultural differences:- Motor development occurs at different times for different cultures Patterns:- Cephelpcaidal trend- growth from head downward- Proximodistal trend- growth from center outward- Visual cliff experiment o Babies develop fear of heightso 1.5 months- show interest in deep sideo 6-14 months- refuse to cross deep side depends on when they started crawlingo crawling promotes brain developmento especially development related to vision and space Scale of Development- Compared to other specieso Humans have prolonged period of growtho Infants double weight  5 monthso triple weight first yearo quadruple second year- continuous vs. discontinuous Skeletal Growth- Skeletal ageo Best estimate of child’s physical maturityo Bone forms cartilage during embryonic stageo Continues throughout childhood- Epiphyses- growth centers at end of long boneso Cartilage cells producedo Once they disappear, growth is done. Heredity- individual and ethnic- Given adequate environmental supports- height and rate of growth are largely controlled by heredity- Max out genetic potential- Duration, severity, and timing of deprivationo Earlier and prolonged deprivation is hardest to