Genes and the Environment FSHD 3239-5-13Pleiotropic effects- a single gene can be responsible for multiple traitsGenomic imprinting- genes only last one generation, becomes silenced.Genetic Disorders and AbnormalitiesRare: less than 3% of births and 20% of infant deathsChromosome disorder- too many or too fewDowns syndromeMost are fatal -> miscarriageFragile X Disorder- complex inheritanceCombination of genomic imprinting and X linked chromosome disorderNot filled in X chromosomeDefective spot on x chromosome, passed from motherMultifunctional Inheritance- interaction of many genes and environmental influencesPsychiatricSchizophreniaCannot be predictedGenetically-Influenced Environmental InfluenceCanalization- degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment “CANAL” ‘there is a limit on genes and environment’Genes establish a range of possible outcomes while environmental influences determine location within this rangeIndividual differences in reactions to environmentSome traits are more deeply canalized than othersIndividual and species levelPassive correlation: parents genetically influenced pre-dispositions naturally create an environment that in turn influences children who share same genetic pre-disposition.Athletic parentsEvocative correlation- positive reinforcement allows behavior to continueActive correlation- individual picks environment that they get most out of.Artistic student picks art classes, increasing art talentEnvironmental influences on gene expressionEpigeneticsA system by which genes are activated or silenced in response to events or circumstances in the environment.Bridge between nature and nurtureEpigeneticsDevelopmental results from ongoing bidirectional changes between heredity and all levels of the environmentInternal- hormones,External- parentingTrigger gene activityRegulator gene- controls the activities of other genesSwitches on and offGOAL- create environment to optimize development for individualsGene-Environment interactionsGenetic vulnerability or susceptibilityGenetic potentialEnvironment can change expressionIF genes, IF environment, THEN outcomeResearch-What are the risky environments?Exposure?Degree and timing Genes and the Environment FSHD 323 9-5-13 Pleiotropic effects- a single gene can be responsible for multiple traits Genomic imprinting- genes only last one generation, becomes silenced.  Genetic Disorders and Abnormalities Rare: less than 3% of births and 20% of infant deaths Chromosome disorder- too many or too few- Downs syndromeo Most are fatal -> miscarriage  Fragile X Disorder- complex inheritance- Combination of genomic imprinting and X linked chromosome disorder- Not filled in X chromosome- Defective spot on x chromosome, passed from mother Multifunctional Inheritance- interaction of many genes and environmental influences- Psychiatrico Schizophrenia- Cannot be predicted Genetically-Influenced Environmental Influence- Canalization- degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment “CANAL” ‘there is a limit on genes and environment’o Genes establish a range of possible outcomes while environmental influences determine location within this rangeo Individual differences in reactions to environmento Some traits are more deeply canalized than otherso Individual and species level- Passive correlation: parents genetically influenced pre-dispositions naturally create an environment that in turn influences children who share same genetic pre-disposition.- Athletic parents Evocative correlation- positive reinforcement allows behavior to continue Active correlation- individual picks environment that they get most out of.- Artistic student picks art classes, increasing art talent Environmental influences on gene expression- Epigeneticso A system by which genes are activated or silenced in response to events or circumstances in the environment.o Bridge between nature and nurture Epigenetics- Developmental results from ongoing bidirectional changes between heredity and all levels of the environmento Internal- hormones, o External- parenting Trigger gene activityo Regulator gene- controls the activities of other genes Switches on and off- GOAL- create environment to optimize development for individuals Gene-Environment interactions- Genetic vulnerability or susceptibilityo Genetic potential Environment can change expressiono IF genes, IF environment, THEN outcome Research-- What are the risky environments?o Exposure? Degree and timingGenes don’t provide enough