Brain Development FSHD 3239-19-13 Brain development underlies cognitive, social, and emotional developmentIntegrated with one anotherRelationshipsinfluence brain development early in lifemost learning takes place in relationshipsprovide secure foundation for exploration and stimulationContinuous process that begins prenatally and continues into adulthoodBirth- 25% of adult brain6 months- 50% of adult brain2 years- 70% of adult brain6 years- 90% of adult brainMyelinationthe laying down on fatty sheath of myelin on neuronsno exposed wiresallows for easier travelinfants need specialized fats in dietbegins prenatally and until adolescenceNeuron ProliferationNeurogenesisRapid appearance of neurons in developing brainBegins during embryonic period and is nearly complete by 18 weeks250,000 per minuteweight increase represents the establishment of connections and myelinationestablishing connectionsNeuronal Migrationmovement of neurons within the brain that ensures that all brain areas have a sufficient number of neural connections.Guided by neurochemicalsFailure to migrate can lead to disordersProgrammed Cell DeathNeuronal deathElimination of some neurons that surround newly formed synapses around neighboring neurons20-80% depending on the regionSynaptogenesisDevelopment of new synapsesBegins early in pre-natal developmentInfancyRapidSynapses form more rapidly than neuronsAge 2- 15,000 synapses for each neuron1 quadrillion by adulthoodSynaptic PruningDeterioration and disappearance of synapses that are not usedCan form new synapses laterAbout 40% of all synapses during childhood and adolescenceEliminationPruning and deathClear out clutterIncrease the speed, efficiency and complexity of transmissions among neuronsAllow space for new connectionsBased on experience in the environmentDevelopment sometimes decreasesDynamic process at the formation of some synapsesMay enhance developmentTrace synaptic growth and myelination in specific brain areas to the development of specific abilities and skillsCross-domain connectionsMusic lessons tied to having improved spatial-temporal reasoningPlasticityCapacity of the brain to change in form and function in response to external enviromentTwo types of brain developmentExperience expectant brain growthNormal eventsSeeing or touching objectsMoving and exploringNeeded not sufficientUniversalExperience dependent brain developmentIn response to opportunitiesPlaying musicNot over stimulationWidely vary across individuals and cultureNot over stimulation, appropriate levelsRats and brain plasticityEnhanced envrioment ratsGreater biochemical activityHeavier brainsBetter retetntion and info processingLack of stimulation in humansAbused and neglected childrenLimbic system which involved emotions are 20-30% smaller and less active and have fewer synapsesTemporal less activeRomanian orphansFewer synapsesThose who were adopted into supportive envripments before age 3 developed normal brain function.High levels of stressBody on alertImpair or interfere with cognitive and emotional developmentDiminished capacity for learning and formation of synapsesCaring and low stress envriomentasNurturing envrioments and care promote effective stress copingImplicationsDevelopmentally appropriate practicesPolicyBrain Development FSHD 3239-19-13Brain development underlies cognitive, social, and emotional development- Integrated with one another Relationships - influence brain development early in life- most learning takes place in relationships- provide secure foundation for exploration and stimulation Continuous process that begins prenatally and continues into adulthood- Birth- 25% of adult brain- 6 months- 50% of adult brain- 2 years- 70% of adult brain- 6 years- 90% of adult brain Myelination - the laying down on fatty sheath of myelin on neurons- no exposed wires- allows for easier travel- infants need specialized fats in diet- begins prenatally and until adolescence Neuron Proliferation- Neurogenesis- Rapid appearance of neurons in developing brain- Begins during embryonic period and is nearly complete by 18 weeks- 250,000 per minute- weight increase represents the establishment of connections and myelination o establishing connections Neuronal Migration- movement of neurons within the brain that ensures that all brain areas have a sufficient number of neural connections.o Guided by neurochemicalso Failure to migrate can lead to disorders Programmed Cell Death- Neuronal death- Elimination of some neurons that surround newly formed synapses around neighboring neurons- 20-80% depending on the region Synaptogenesis- Development of new synapses- Begins early in pre-natal developmento Infancy Rapid- Synapses form more rapidly than neuronso Age 2- 15,000 synapses for each neurono 1 quadrillion by adulthood Synaptic Pruning- Deterioration and disappearance of synapses that are not usedo Can form new synapses latero About 40% of all synapses during childhood and adolescence Elimination- Pruning and deatho Clear out clutter- Increase the speed, efficiency and complexity of transmissionsamong neurons- Allow space for new connections- Based on experience in the environment- Development sometimes decreases Dynamic process at the formation of some synapses- May enhance development- Trace synaptic growth and myelination in specific brain areas to the development of specific abilities and skills Cross-domain connections- Music lessons tied to having improved spatial-temporal reasoning Plasticity - Capacity of the brain to change in form and function in response to external enviroment Two types of brain development- Experience expectant brain growtho Normal eventso Seeing or touching objectso Moving and exploringo Needed not sufficiento Universal- Experience dependent brain developmento In response to opportunitieso Playing musico Not over stimulationo Widely vary across individuals and cultureo Not over stimulation, appropriate levelsRats and brain plasticity- Enhanced envrioment ratso Greater biochemical activityo Heavier brainso Better retetntion and info processing Lack of stimulation in humans- Abused and neglected children o Limbic system which involved emotions are 20-30% smaller and less active and have fewer synapseso Temporal less active- Romanian orphanso Fewer synapses- Those who were adopted into supportive