Prenatal Development FSHD 3239-10-13 germinal- conception to two weeks, sometimes called zygotic stagecell division begins within 15 hours after fertilizationlong compared to rest of developmentimplantation occurs 5-9 days after fertilizationnew structures formBlastocyst- hallow fluid filled ball that contains the embryonic disk, which eventually forms the body.Trophoblastr- nourishment outer ringUmbilical cord will connect placenta to zygote1 large vein with blood from the mother containing nutrients2 arteries remove waste productsreaches 1-3 feetEmbryonic- 2-8 weeks stage 2Most of major body systems and structures developPeriod of rapid growth and cell differentiationEmbryo increases in size by 2 million percentEnd of stage- 1 inch long and weighs less than 1/30 of an ounceMOST venerable to teratogensFrequent spontaneous abortions30%typically genetic anomalymost serious don’t allow development to move forewordectoderm- hair nails, teeth, outer layer of skin, nervous systemmesoderm- muscles skeletalendoderm- intestines, glands, liver, pancreasnervous system develops rapidlyclosing of neural tubefirst brain cellsface and featuresfingers toesheart beatsnot coordinated, practicingday 15, neurons form, doesn’t look like head thoughgrowing by 1/10 of centimeter dailyheart is single chamber, 80 timer per minuteFetal stage: 2 months to birthRapid growth and finishingMajor developments: tempVernix- protects skinLanogo- downy hair that helps vernix stickMajor developments:Growth of nervous systemConnections and brain weightGilailsGentileSex determinedStructures and systems become connected to each otherHeart rate and motor activityDevelopment in individual patterns of activityActivity in last weeks predicts in in infancyEnd of 6 months, responds to external stimuliLearn tone and rhythm of moms voiceIn the final weeks fetus sleeps moreFinal month fetus breathes 50% of timeAmniotic fluidFlips on head18 weeks- mimics outsideswallowing fluid floating inmother may become aware of movementseyes in correct positionsome open eyes earlyblinking reflexfinger printsAfter 6 months- everything has developedLabor and DeliveryStage oneEarly laborDilation of cervix and uterine contractions to being to open cervixActive laborStronger more painful contractions3-8 hoursstage 1transitionmore rapid15 min- 3 hourswater breaks4-10 centimeters dilatedStage 2 birthBaby enters and exits birth canalLess than an hourStage 3Placenta5-10 minutesBirth complicationsFewer than 10% of birthsAnoxia- lack of oxygen, most commonNot uncommon for babies to need someApgar evaluation of all newborns at 1 to 5 minutesHeart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex, colorFathers experienceCouvade- sympathetic pregnancy, man can experience some pregnancy symptomsMay experience rise in estrogen and decrease in testosteroneHolding infant can cause rise in oxytocinMen have mixed experiences during labor and deliveryPrematurity- best predictor for survivalLow birth weight-full term, less than 5.5 poundsVery low birth weight- 3.3 poundsPrematurity-birth before 37 weeksWeight may still be normal, but less time in uterusSmall for date infant-below expected weight based on pregnancyMay be full or pre term- undersizeMost at risk across developmentHard to know whyMaternal nutrition?Genetics?Medical emergency?Socioeconomic factorsPoverty?Other risksPre-natal medical careLack of education onMedical factors pre-dating the pregnancyMedical conditions associated with the pregnancyRisk:Multiple birthsTeratogen exposureOlder maternal birthIncreases chance of multiple birthFertility treatmentsPrenatal Development FSHD 3239-10-13germinal- conception to two weeks, sometimes called zygotic stage- cell division begins within 15 hours after fertilizationo long compared to rest of development- implantation occurs 5-9 days after fertilization- new structures form- Blastocyst- hallow fluid filled ball that contains the embryonic disk, which eventually forms the body.- Trophoblastr- nourishment outer ring- Umbilical cord will connect placenta to zygoteo 1 large vein with blood from the mother containing nutrientso 2 arteries remove waste productso reaches 1-3 feet Embryonic- 2-8 weeks stage 2- Most of major body systems and structures develop- Period of rapid growth and cell differentiation- Embryo increases in size by 2 million percent - End of stage- 1 inch long and weighs less than 1/30 of an ounce- MOST venerable to teratogens- Frequent spontaneous abortionso 30%o typically genetic anomalyo most serious don’t allow development to move foreword- ectoderm- hair nails, teeth, outer layer of skin, nervous system- mesoderm- muscles skeletal- endoderm- intestines, glands, liver, pancreaso nervous system develops rapidly closing of neural tube first brain cells face and features fingers toes heart beats not coordinated, practicing- day 15, neurons form, doesn’t look like head though- growing by 1/10 of centimeter daily- heart is single chamber, 80 timer per minute Fetal stage: 2 months to birth- Rapid growth and finishing- Major developments: tempo Vernix- protects skino Lanogo- downy hair that helps vernix stick- Major developments:o Growth of nervous system Connections and brain weight Gilailso Gentile Sex determinedo Structures and systems become connected to each other Heart rate and motor activity- Development in individual patterns of activityo Activity in last weeks predicts in in infancy- End of 6 months, responds to external stimulio Learn tone and rhythm of moms voice- In the final weeks fetus sleeps moreo Final month fetus breathes 50% of time Amniotic fluido Flips on heado 18 weeks- mimics outside  swallowing fluid floating in mother may become aware of movements eyes in correct position some open eyes early blinking reflex finger printso After 6 months- everything has developed Labor and Delivery- Stage oneo Early labor Dilation of cervix and uterine contractions to being to open cervixo Active labor Stronger more painful contractions 3-8 hourso stage 1 transition more rapid 15 min- 3 hours water breaks 4-10 centimeters dilatedo Stage 2 birth Baby enters and exits birth canal Less than an houro Stage 3 Placenta 5-10 minutes Birth complications- Fewer than 10% of births- Anoxia- lack of oxygen, most commono Not uncommon for babies to need some- Apgar evaluation of all