Unit 5 Study Guide1.Know the bones that make up the skull.- 8 Cranial bonesFrontal - foreheadParietal (x2) – top of skullOccipital – back/bottom of skullTemporal (x2) – above earsEthmoid – eye socketSphenoid – eye socket (odd bone – not just eye socket)- 14 Facial bonesInferior Nasal Conchae (x2) – lower noseLacrimal Bones (x2) – inside eye socketMandible – chin boneMaxillae (x2) – top mouth boneNasal Bones (x2) – make up nosePalatine Bones (x2) – top of mouth (hard/soft palate)Vomer – bone that makes up cristae galli & cribiform plateZygomatic Bones (x2) – cheek bones 2.Understand the types of joints that exist in the skull. - Synarthroses (Fibrous Joints)Sutures: lambdoid – separates occipital & parietal bones, squamous – separates temporal & parietal bones, coronal – separates frontal & parietal bones, median sagittal – separates head down middle into two halvesFontanels: soft spots where cranial bones have not completely ossified in babies – they ossify & grow together – creating sutures – major fontanel is the bragmatic fontanel- Temporal Mandibular Joint: modified hinge joint, multiaxial movements, articulardisk, ligaments consist of temporomandibular, sphenomandibular, andstylomandibular. *TMJ syndrome: inflammation of the TMJ, poorly understood, many contributing factors (alignment of teeth, muscular tension, and repetitive bruxion), various treatments3. Foramina of the skull and the arteries, veins, and nerves associated with each. - Sella turcica: holds pituitary gland- Cribiform plates & Cristae galli: hold olfactory bulbs – Olfactory N. = CN I- Optic Canal: Optic N. – CN II- Superior Orbital Fissure: Oculomotor N. – CN III, Trochlear N. – CN IV, Opthalmic division of Trigeminal N – CN V., & Abducens n. – CN VI- Foramen Rotundum: Maxillary division of Trigeminal N. – CN V- Foramen Ovale: Mandibular division of Trigeminal N. – CN V- Foramen Spinosum: Middle Meningeal Artery- Foramen Lacerum: Greater Petrosal Branch of Facial N. – CN VII- Jugular Foramen: Glossopharyngeal N. – CN IX, Vagus N. – CN X, Accessory N. – CN XI, and Internal Jugular Vein- Internal Acoustic Meatus: Facial N. – CN VII & Vestibulocochlear N. – CN VIII- Hypoglossal Canal: Hypoglossal N. – CN XII- Foramen Magnum: Medulla Oblongata & Vertebral Arteries- Mandibular Foramen: Inferior Alveolar Artery & Nerve- Stylomastoid Foramen: Internal Carotid Arteries- Mental Foramen: mental artery, vein, and nerve4. Muscles of Facial Expression - INN = Facial N. – CN VII- Frontalis: draws eyebrows upwards, wrinkles forehead- Orbicularis Oculi: encircles eye, lowers eyelid, close eye, and compresses lacrimalsac- Zygomaticus Major: draws corner of the mouth upwards (smiling)- Buccinator: Increases rigidity of cheek- Orbicularis Oris: encircles mouth, closes lips and compresses lips against teeth, purses lips (kissy face)- Platysma: draws corners of mouth downward (frowning)- Depressor anguli oris: draws mouth downward and laterally (sad face)- Mentalis: elevates and protrudes lower lip (pouting)5. Muscles of Mastication - Temporalis:Origin – temporal lines of parietalInsertion – coronoid process of mandibleInnervation – mandibular division of trigeminal – CN V- Masseter:Origin – zygomatic processInsertion – angle of mandibleInnervation – mandibular division of trigeminal – CN V- Lateral pterygoid:Origin – lateral side of lateral pterygoid plateInsertion – neck of mandibleInnervation – mandibular division of trigeminal – CN V- Medial PterygoidOrigin – medial side of lateral pterygoid plateInsertion – angle of mandibleInnervation – mandibular division of trigeminal – CN V- Digastric (Anterior Belly)Origin – anterior and internal mandibleInsertion – tendon to body of hyoidInnervation – mandibular division of trigeminal – CN V- Digastric (Posterior Belly)Origin – mastoid processInsertion – tendon to body of hyoidInnervation – facial nerve – CN VII6.Know and understand the muscles that move the head and neck . . . some review of unit1 mm might help. Know what innervates them. Hyoid Muscles- Geniohyoid: elevates hyoid, INN – Hypoglossal N. – CN XII- Mylohyoid: elevates hyoid & forms floor of the mouth, INN – mandibular branch of trigeminal – CN V- Stylohyoid: elevates hyoid (during swallowing), INN – Facial N. – CN VII- Digastric (ant. & post.): depresses mandible, elevates hyoid (during swallowing andthe opening & closing of the mouth), INN – ant. Mandibular branch of trigeminal – CN V & post. Facial N. – CN VII- Omohyoid (sup. & inf.): depresses hyoid (during vocalization and at the end of swallowing), INN – cervical spinal nerves- Sternothyroid: depresses larynx, INN – cervical spinal nerves- Thyrohyoid: depresses hyoid & elevates larynx during swallowing, INN – cervical spinal nerves- Sternohhyoid: depresses hyoid, INN – cervical spinal nerves- Sternocleidomastoid: flex & rotate head, flex neck, INN – Accessory N. – CN XI- Anterior Scalene: elevate rib 1, flex & rotate neck, INN – ventral rami of c. spinal nerves- Middle Scalene: elevate rib 1, flex & rotate neck, INN – ventral rami of c. spinal nerves- Posterior Scalene: elevate rib 2, flex & rotate neck, INN – ventral rami of c. spinal nerves- Longus Capitis: flexes head & neck during bilateral contraction, laterally flexes & rotates head & neck during unilateral contractions, INN – ventral rami of c. spinalnerves- Longus Colli: flexes head & neck during bilateral contraction, laterally flexes & rotates head & neck during unilateral contractions, INN – ventral rami of c. spinalnerves- Splenius Capitis & Cervicis: laterally flexes & rotates head & neck, extends head &neck, INN – ventral rami of c. spinal nerves- Semispinalis Capitis: rotates & extends head & neck, INN – spinal nerves- Logissimus Capitis: extends & rotates head, INN - spinal nerves7. Know whether the cranial nerves carry sensory or motor information (or both) and which ones carry “special” sensory information (sight, sound, smell, etc.) I. Olfactory: sensory – smell II. Optic: sensory – sight III. Oculomotor: motor – somatic & visceralIV. Trochlear: motor – somatic V. Trigeminal: ophthalmic – sensory, maxillary – sensory, mandibular – sensory & motorVI. Abducens: motor – somatic VII. Facial: sensory – taste & motor – parasympathetic VIII. Vestibulocochlear: sensory – hearing & equilibrium, motor – tuning