Review: Unit 3 ExamBe sure that you know how to identify the osteological features listed on the osteology hand out.Articulations- Condyles: a rounded knob (occipital condyles)- Facet: a smooth, relatively flat articular surface (articular facets of vertebrae)- Head: the prominent articular end of a bone (head of femur)Extensions and Projections- Crest: narrow ridge (iliac crest)- Epicondyle: projection superior to a condyle (medial and lateral epicondyles of femur)- Line: slightly raised, elongate ridge (nuchal lines of the skull)- Process: any bony prominence (mastoid process)- Protuberance: a bony outgrowth or protruding part, but less so than a process (mental protuberance of chin)- Spine: sharp, slender, narrow process (scapular spine)- Trochanter: Two massive processes unique to the femur- Tubercle: Small rounded process (greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus)- Tuberosity: a roughened surface (tibial tuberosity)Depressions- Alveolus: a pit or socket (e.g. for teeth)- Fossa: a shallow, broad, or elongate basin (infraspinous fossa)- Fovea: a small pit (fovea capitus of the femur)- Sulcus: a groove for a tendon, nerve or blood vessel (intertubercular sulcus of the humerus)Passages and Cavities- Canal: tubular passage or tunnel in a bone (lacrimal canal)- Fissure: a slit through a bone (superior orbital fissure)- Foramen: a hole through a bone (foramen magnum)- Meatus: opening into a canal (acoustic meatus)- Sinus: air-filled space in bone (frontal sinus)Know how to identify a pelvis as male or female- Subpubic angle is smaller in men- Body of pubis is bigger in women- Greater sciatic notch and auricular surfaces is bigger in women- Pelvic brim greater in womenKnow what bones articulate with each other at the hip joint, Sacroiliac joint, knee joint, ankle, subtalar, and transverse talar joints. Know what actions can occur at these joints. Know what ligaments stabilize these joints. As always, know what kind of joint they are, and if they are synovial, know (or be able to think through) what kind of synovial joint they are.Sacroiliac joint: (synovial with little motion!)Articulation – Sacrum & Coccyx / Os CoxaeFunction – makes up pelvisLigaments – anterior & posterior sacroiliac ligaments, sacrospinous ligament, andsacrotuberous ligamentHip (Coxal) joint: (synovial ball&socket)Articulation – acetabulum / head of the femurFunction – connects lower limbs to pelvic girdleLigaments – pubofemoral ligament, iliofemoral ligament, and ischiofemoral ligamentKnee joint: (both articulations are synovial)Articulation – 1: femur / tibia - uniaxial 2: femur / patella – gliding planeFunction – connects leg to thigh, extension, flexion, some rotationLigaments – Posterior Cruciate Ligament & Anterior Cruciate Ligament, Patellar Ligament, Medial (Tibial) Collateral Ligament, & Lateral (Fibular) Collateral LigamentTibiofibular joint: (2 joints) proximal – synovial & gliding, distal – syndesmosis & fibrousArticulation – tibia / fibulaFunction – ankle stabilityLigaments - Ankle (Talocrural):Articulation – body of talus w/ tibia & fibula (hinge)Function – connects foot to leg, aids in dorsi/plantar flexionLigaments – deltoid ligament, lateral collateral ligamentSubtalar:Articulation – talus / calcaneusFunction – side to side motionLigaments – spring ligamentTransverse tarsal:Articulation – navicular/cuboid & calcaneus / talusFunction – inversion/eversionLigaments – spring ligamentKnow the muscles listed on the handouts. Be able to identify all of them. Know whatthey do (function).A. Anterior Compartment of the Thigh - femoral n. except tensor fascia lata which is innervated by superior gluteal n; pectineus may receive additional innervation from obturator n. Muscle Origin Insertion FunctionIliopsoas lumbar vertebrae and iliac fossalesser trochanter of femurflexion at hipTensor fascia latae anterior superior iliac spine and iliac crest lateral condyle of tibia by way of iliotibial tractflexion/abduction/medial rotation at hip, extension atkneeSartorius anterior superior iliac spinemedial side of proximal tibiaflexion/abduction/lateral rotation at hip, flexion/medial rotation atkneeRectus femoris* anterior inferior iliac spinetibial tuberosity flexion at hip, extension at kneeVastus lateralis* greater trochanter to linea asperatibial tuberosity extension at kneeVastus medialis* medial shaft of femur to linea asperatibial tuberosity extension at kneeVastus intermedius* anterior shaft of femur tibial tuberosity extension at kneePectineus superior pubic ramus pectineal line flexion/adduction/medial rotation at hip* these muscles are collectively referred to as the quadriceps muscleB. Medial Compartment of the Thigh - obturator n.; hamstring portion of adductor magnus also receives innervation from the tibial n.Muscle Origin Insertion FunctionGracilis body of pubis medial side of proximal tibiaadduction at hip,flexion at kneeObturator externus lateral margin of obturator foramentrochanteric fossa lateral rotation at hipAdductor longus body of pubis linea aspera adduction at hipAddutor brevis inferior ramus of pubis and ischiumpectineal line and linea asperaadduction and some flexion at hipAdductor magnus inferior ramus of pubis, ischial tuberositylinea aspera/medial supracondylar line, adductor tubercle adduction and extension at hipC. Gluteal Region - inferior gluteal n, innervates gluteus maximus; superior gluteal n. gluteus medius and minimus and tensor fasia lata; n. to pyriformis the pyriformis; n. to obturator internus the obturator internus and superior gemellus; and n. to quadratus femoris the quadratus femoris and inferior gemellusMuscle Origin Insertion FunctionGluteus maximus posterior gluteal line to sacrum and coccyx include sacrotuberous ligamentgluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tractabduction/extension/lateral rotation at hipGluteus medius between anterior and posterior gluteal lineslateral greater trochanter abduction/medial rotation at hipGluteus minimus between inferior and anterior gluteal linesanterior greater trochanterabduction/medial rotation at hipPiriformis anterior surface of sacrumgreater trochanter lateral rotation and abduction at hip (when hip is flexed)Obturator internus medial margin of obturator foramenmedial surface of greater trochanterlateral rotation at hipSuperior gemellus ischial spine medial surface of greater trochanterlateral rotation at hipInferior gemellus ischial