Unit 1 Study GuideLecture 1: Anatomical terminology- You need to know anatomical position: feet slightly apart, facing straight forward, arms atside, palms facing forward- You need to know the planes of symmetry and be able to identify them in context:o Sagittal: any line parallel to median sagittalo Median Sagittal: line down the body that cuts one into two symmetrical halveso Coronal/Frontal: line that cuts the body into a front & back halfo Transverse: line that cuts the body into a top and bottom halfo Longitudinal: any line perpendicular to the transverse plane- You need to know anatomical directions and be able to use them appropriately:o Superior/Cranial: refers to one structure being above, or closer to the head than anothero Inferior/Caudal: refers to one structure being below, or closer to the feet or tail bone than anothero Anterior/Ventral: refers to one structure being in front of anothero Posterior/Dorsal: refers to one structure being behind anothero Medial: refers to one structure being closer to the median sagittal plane than anothero Lateral: refers to one structure being farther away from the median sagittal plane than anothero Proximal: refers to a structure of the upper limb or lower limb that is closer to the root of the limb than anothero Distal: refers to a structure of the upper or lower limb that is farther away from the root of the limb than anothero Superficial/External: refers to one structure being closer to the outside or exterior surface than another. The closer a structure is to the external environment, the more superficial it is said to be.o Deep/Internal: refers to one structure being closer to the center, or middle of the head, trunk, or limbs than another. The closer a structure is to the center, the deeper it is said to be.- You need to know anatomical actions and be able to identify them in context:o Flexion: movement that decreases the angle between two parts. Usually a movement to a more anterior location from anatomical positiono Extension: movement that increases the angle between two parts. Usually a movement to a more posterior location from anatomical position.o Abduction: movement of an appendage away from the median sagittal plane.o Adduction: movement of an appendage toward the median sagittal plane.o Rotation: movement that occurs around a central axis of a body part.o Pronation: rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly (in extension) or inferiorly (in flexion) – palms downo Supination: rotary movement of the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly (in extension) or superiorly (in flexion) – palms upo Eversion: turning the sole of the foot outward to face away from the midlineo Inversion: turning the sole of the foot inward to face toward the midlineo Plantarflexion: movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves inferiorly, as when you stand on your toeso Dorsiflexion: movement of the foot at the ankle so that the ball of the foot moves superiorly, as when you stand on your heelso Circumduction: movement of an appendage in a circular or cone-shaped path. This involves abduction, adduction, flexion, and extensiono Opposition: movement of the thumb to touch a fingertip. This involves abduction,flexion, and medial rotation of the thumb.Lecture 2: Cytology and Histology, and bones- You should know the tenets of the cell theory:o All organisms are made of cellso A cell is the simplest unit of lifeo Organismal structure & function is a result of cellular processeso Cells come from other cellso Shared ancestry = shared similarities- ???You should know the general function of a cells organelles (to the degree we covered it in class)???- You should know the basic structure and function of connective tissue, nervous tissue andmuscle tissueo Connective tissues: cushions, protects, and supports organs, *cartilage, absorbs shock for bones, allows movement, blood, etc.o Nervous tissues: conducts impulses to and from body organs via neurons, brain, spinal cord, and nerveso Muscle tissues: responsible for body movement, moves food blood and waste through body, smooth, skeletal, and cardiac- Know the function of the skeletal system: o Supportive structures for the body o Protectors of vital organso Levers on which muscles act to produce movement- Be able to identify the major types of bones (long, short, flat, irregular)o Long bones: tubular (humerus, femur)o Short bones: cuboidal (bones of wrist and ankle)o Flat bones: consist of two compact bone plates separated by spongy bone (skull)o Ireggular bones: bones with various shapes (bones of the face)Lecture 3: Bones, Joints and the vertebral column- Be able to identify the bony features from handout 1:o Diaphysis: the tubular shaft of a long boneo Epiphysis: the end portion of a long bone that has a separate ossification centero Metaphysis: that portion of a mature bone sandwiched between the diaphysis and epiphysiso Tuberosity: a large eminenceo Tubercle: a small eminenceo Trochanter: A large, very prominent eminenceo Process: A bony prominenceo Articular surface: a joint surfaceo Facet: A small articular surfaceo Condyle: A rounded articular surfaceo Epicondyle: A nonarticular projection next to a condyleo Head: A large, rounded end of a boneo Neck: the part between the head and the diaphysis; there are usually separate surgical and anatomical neckso Fossa: A shallow depressiono Foramen: A hole (a neurovascular opening)o Sulcus: A long, broad groove- Know the two divisions of the skeletal system and what their components are:o Axial: skull, vertebral column, sacrum, and ribso Appendicular: limbs and girldes (everything else)- Know and be able to identify (and explain) the three types of fibrous joints:o Sutures: where two bones grow togethero Syndesmoses: ligament binding two bones togethero Gomphoses: ligaments that bind your tooth to its socket- Know and be able to identify (and explain) the two types of cartilaginous joints:o Synchondrosis: most common kind of cartilage (hyaline cartilage)o Symphyses: holds two bones together ex. pubic symphysis – holdes two halves of pelvic girdle together- Know and be able to identify (and explain) the general structures of a synovial joint and the supporting structures of these jointso GS: articular cartilage – allows smooth motion for connected boneso GS: synovial membrane – thin and delicate, secretes synovial fluido GS: synovial fluid – lubricates