Unit 5 Exam NotesNovember 14, 2012Structures of the HeadFacial Expressions & Mastication- Bones of the Skullo 8 Cranial bones + 14 Facial boneso Endochondral (mesencheim  cartilage  bone) & intramembranous origins (mesencheim  bone) – both of these are featured in the skullo Endochondral – base of skullo Intramembranous – the top or lid of the skull- Joints of the Cranium (look at structure list)o Synarthroses (fibrous joints)o Sutures o Fontanelles – fibrous connective tissue that covers the brain – they are the soft spots on a newborn’s head (allows easy pass through birth canal) – frontal is two bones as baby but they fully ossify in adulthood- Temporal Mandibular Jointo Modified hinge jointo Multiaxial movementso Articular disko Ligaments: tempromandibular, sphenomandibular – prevents excessive downward movement, stylormandibular – prevents downward displacement of jaw, lateral ligament – prevents posterior displacement of jaw- TMJ Syndromeo Inflammation of the TMJo Poorly understoodo Many contributing factors: alignment of teeth, muscular tension, repetitive bruxion (grinding of teeth)o Various treatments- Muscles of Masticationo Temporaliso Massetero Lateral plerygoid muscleo Medial plerygoid muscle- Muscles of Facial Expressionso Frontaliso Orbicularis oculio Levator labii superioriso Zygomaticus minoro Zygomaticus majoro Risoriuso Modioluso Depressor anguli oriso Depressor labii infeioriso Platysmao Galea aponeuroticao Corrugator superciliio Nasaliso Levator anguli oriso Massetero Buccinatorso Orbicularis oriso Mentalis November 16, 2012Head & Neck- Cartilaginous Structureso Larynx Thyroid cartilage: thyrohyoid membrane Circoid cartilage: conus elasticuso Trachea C-shaped Tracheal rings- Hyoid Boneo No bony articulationso Attachment for muscles Tongue Larynx Mandible o Suspended from styloid process- Muscles of the Hyoido Function = elevation and depression of hyoido Digastric (anterior & posterior)o Stylohhyoido Mylohyoido Levator scapulaeo Sternohyoido Omohyoido Sternocleidomastoido Thyrohyoido Sternothyroid- Anterior Neck Muscleso Function = flex & rotate the head & necko Stylohyoido Hypoglossuso Mylohyoido Digastric (anterior belly)o Thyrohyoido Omohyoid (superior belly)o Sternothyroido Sternohyoid o Digastric (posterior belly)o Splenius capitiso Inferior pharyngeal constrictoro Sternocleidomastoido Trapeziuso Levator scapulaeo Scaleneso Omohyoid (inferior belly)- Posterior Neck Muscles o Function = extend & rotate the head & necko Longissimus capitiso Splenius capitiso Semispinalis capitiso Semispinalis cerviciso Sternocleidomastoido Trapeziuso Levator Scapulae- Torticolliso Congenital & Acquiredo Sternocleidomastoid muscle stretches from the sternum to the skull behind the earo “Wry Neck”November 19, 2012Blood Vessels of Head & Neck- Arterieso Branches of Aortic arch Common carotid Subclavian Brachiocephalic trunko Branches of Subclavian Vertebral Thyrocervicalo Branches of External Carotid Superficial temporal Posterior auricular Occipital Maxillary Facial Lingual Superior thyroido Branches of Internal Carotid Anterior cerebral Internal carotid Middle cerebralo Branches of Vertebral Artery  Basilar Basilar Vertebral Cerebellar (superior, anterior inferior, & posterior inferior)o Circle of Willis Anterior communicating Posterior communicating Posterior cerebral Basilar- Veins (Drainage)o Dural Sinuses collect blood from intracranial arteries Great cerebral vein Straight sinus Transverse sinus Sigmoid sinus Superior sagittal sinus Inferior sagittal sinuso Dural Sinuses Superior ophthalmic vein Cavernous sinus Sigmoid sinuso Retromandibular vein collects blood from… Superficial temporal Maxillaryo Internal jugular collects blood from… Common Facial  Superior thyroido External jugular collects blood from… Occipitalo Subclavian collects blood from… External jugular Internal jugularo Brachiocephalic collects blood from subclavian  leads to heart via superior vena cava- Clinical Applicationso Embolisms: any body that migrates through the circulatory system – the body can cause a blockage above or below it (thrombo – clot, fat, air, etc.) o Anneurisms: ballooning of artery – can rupture o Strokes: anytime you lose blood supply to the brainNovember 26, 2012Cranial NervesI. OlfactoryII. OpticIII. OculomotorIV. TrochlearV. TrigeminalVI. AbducensVII. FacialVIII. VestibulocochlearIX. GlossopharyngealX. VagusXI. AccessoryXII. Hypoglossal- Old Opie Occasionally Tries Trigonometry And Feels Very Gloomy And Vague- Nervous System Reviewo Cranial nerves are part of the Peripheral Nervous Systemo Cranial nerves can carry: somatic signals – motor (face, larynx, pharynx, tongue) and/or sensory & visceral (autonomic) motor (parasympathetic) and/or sensory- I. Olfactory: special sensory neurons – smell, cribiform plate is perforated to allow olfactory n. endings to penetrate nasal capsule- II. Optic: special sensory neurons – sight, origin – retina, terminate– temporal lobe, nn. pass through optic canal- III. Oculomotor: mixed nerve – somatic motor and visceral (parasympathetic) motor, gross motor control of the eye (somatic), pupil sphincter mm and ciliary mm of lens, exit – superior orbital fissure- IV. Trochlear: somatic motor – superior oblique mm, exits through superior orbital fissure- V. Trigeminal: 1 – ophthalmic (S) – superior orbital fissure, 2 – maxillary (S) – foramen rotundumb, 3 – mandibular (S/M) – foramen oval- VI. Abducens: somatic motor control of lateral rectus mm, exit – superior orbital fissure- VII. Facial: mixed nerve = sensory – taste & motor, parasympathetic (rest/digest) motor to salivary and lacrimal glands, internal auditory meatus & stylomastoid foramen- VIII. Vestibulocochlear: mixed nerve – PRIMARILY sensory (hearing and equilibrium), also motor – tuning hearing, passes through internal acoustic (auditory meatus)- IX. Glossopharyngeal: mixed nerve – parasympathetic – parotid gland & general sensory and special (taste), motor – pharynx, jugular foramen- X. Vagus: wanderer, mixed sensory & somatic motor & parasympathetic motor, important in controlling – cardiac, respiratory, digestive, and urinary- XI. Accessory: has origins in medulla & spinal cord, exits via jugular foramen, motor control – swallowing, SCM, trapezius- XII.