BIOL 240: FUNDAMENTALS OF ANATOMY – Dr. McCloudUNIT IAugust 20, 2012- TA office hours in Haworth- Lecture coincides with lab- Regional anatomy study- Lists of terms (vocab) on BB… start working on today. DON’T CRAMMM!- If you study in groups, wait until a few days before the exam- One required text: Gray’s AnatomyINTRODUCTION TO ANATOMY- 1600 BC: Edwin Smith Papyrus, Egyptians already recognized some of our organs, knew what they were, didn’t know what they did.- Anatomical position: feet spread slightly apart, face straight forward, palms straight forward- Anatomical directions: We are bilaterally symmetrical (down our midline), towards the midline is medial, away from the midline is lateral, towards your head is superior, towards your feet is inferior, facing front is ventral/anterior, facing your back is dorsal/posterior- Anatomical actions: flexion (makes the angle smaller), extension (makes the angle bigger), abduction (away from your body), adduction (towards your body), rotation, supination (cup the hands upward), pronation (cup the hands downward), inversion (soles of feet go in towards your midline), eversion (soles of your feet turn away from your midline), plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, circumduction (anything going in a full circular motion – ex. your arm), opposition (thumbs touch to pinky)- Planes and divisions: sagittal (up & down the body – parallel to median sagittal), median sagittal (right down the middle of your body – makes bilateral symmetry), coronal/frontal (cutting you from “ear to ear”), transverse (cutting you in half at the stomach)August 22, 2012-Work on structure list NOW!-Office hours: McCloud: 9-10am on Wednesdays & Fridays, also has open door policy, 2047 Haworth, TAs times are going to be posted on BB!-Real Anatomy, can buy online – best study tool for online usage-Origin, insertion, intervation, action (4 things need to know for each muscle)-Greek & Latin prefixes & root words on BB – helpful for anatomical terms-Look for other handouts on BB!ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY- Cells (and cell theory)o All organisms are made of cellso Cell is the simplest unit of lifeo Organismal structure and function is a resul of cellular processeso Cells come from other cellso Shared ancestry = shared similarities- Tissueso Fibrous – fat (adipose), tendons (muscle to bone), ligaments (bone to bone)o Supportive – cartilage and boneo Fluid – blood- Organs- Organ Systemso Skeletalo Muscularo Nervouso Reproductiveo Endocrineo Circulatory/Lymphatico Respiratoryo DigestiveSKELTAL SYSTEMS- Axial: skull and vertebral column – everything on the axis of your body (sacrum & ribs too)- Appendicular: limbs and girdles (everything else)August 24, 2012- Origin: non-mobile point- Insertion: mobile point- If there is origin & insertion, means there are 2 points of attachmentJOINTS- Fibrous Jointso Sutures: where two bones grow togethero Syndesmoses: ligament binding two bones togethero Gomphoses: the ligaments that bind your tooth to its socket- Cartilaginous Joints (midline of body)o Synchondrosis: most common kind of cartilage - ex. growth plates in your long bones (hyaline cartilage)o Symphyses: ex. pubic symphysis – holds two halves of pelvic girdle together at the bottom- Synovial Joints (most common kind)o Articular cartilage: allows smooth motion for connected boneso Synovial Membrane: thin & delicate that secretes synovial fluido Synovial fluid: lubricates the jointo Joint capsule: surrounds the membrane & is made out of ligamentso Ligaments & tendons: bone to bone & muscle to boneAugust 27, 2012VERTEBRAL COLUMN- General Structure (common in all vertebrae)o Bodyo Vertebral forameno Vertebral archo Spinous processo Transverse processo **Intervertebral disc** - symphysis (slightly mobile), annulus fibrosus is the more durable stuff on the outside, nucleus pulposus very soft material on inside of disc (jelly donut ex.)CERVICAL VERTEBRAE- 7 cervical vertebrae- 8 cervical nerves- c1 – atlas (holds up skull, no body)- c2- axis (allows rotation of skull - dens)- transverse foramen – vertebral artery & vein runs through here (carries blood to the brain – when blocked, can cause stroke)- spinous process – bifid or forked because it’s the resting place for the nuca(sp?)ligament (thicker in cervical area and continues down vertebral column – then called the supraspinous ligament)THORACIC VERTEBRAE- 12 thoracic vertebrae- Looks like a giraffe- Have facets on them to support ribs – called costal facets- Orientation of articular facets – straight up and downLUMBAR VERTEBRAE- 5 lumbar vertebrae- Looks like a moose- Bigger and thicker- Superior articular facets face medially- Not a lot of motion in your lumbar vertebraeCURVATURE- Primary curvature: c-shape at birth (kyphosis)- Secondary: cervical and lumbar (cervical lordosis & lumbar lordosis)- Curvature allows for compression or “spring” effect in your backABNORMAL SPINAL CURVATURE- Scoliosis: lateral deviation of the spine- Hyperkyphosis: hunch back, bone degeneration can lead to this- Hyperlordosis: butt sticks out, all women develop this in pregnancyVERTEBRAL SUPPORT SYSTEMS- 25% of height of vertebral column is intervertebral disks- There aren’t any intervertebral disks between c1 & c2 and none below s1LIGAMENTS OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN- Supraspinous ligament- Interspinous ligament- Facet capsulary ligament- Ligamentum flavum- Intertransverse ligament- Posterior longitudinal ligament- Anterior longitudinal ligamentAugust 29, 2012SKELETAL MUSCLE- Muscles can do only ONE thing… CONTRACT- Attach to bone via tendons or aponeuroses- Origin: stationary- Insertion: mobile  moves toward the origin- Belly: muscle massMUSCLE FUNCTION- Heat- Stability- Movement- Control of body openings: sphincter muscles, controls what goes in & outMUSCLE ARCHITECTURE- Parallel (abs)- Pennate (deltoid)- Circular (muscle around eye)- Triangular (chest)INNERVATION (nerve or nerves that control a muscle)- Motor unit: one neuron & all the muscle fibers that are effected by it- Small motor unitso 3-6 fibers/neuron- Large motor unitso 1000 fibers/neuronMUSCLES OF THE BACK (**muscle handout**)- Splenius Capitis- Splenius Cervicis- Illiocostalis- Longissimus- Spinalis- Semispinalis- Semispinalis Capitis- Quadratus Lumborum- MultifidusSUPERFICIAL INTRINSIC MM (most superficial muscles on back of head)- Splenius Capitis: bilaterally extends head/neck, laterally rotates/extends head/necko Origin – nuchae