Unit 4 NotesOctober 22, 2012Dr. McLeod’s Little Sister- To take care of our body, which was created to last 120 years, we must changeour mindset.- Feeling vs Function: you don’t have a back problem…you have a health problem- The Nervous System:o CNS (Central Nervous System) – Brain & Spinal Cordo PNS (Peripheral Nervous System) – Cranial Nerves, Spinal Nerves, all nerves outside the CNSo Voluntary - Somatic NS – supplies skeletal muscleso Involuntary – Autonomic/Visceral NS – supplies smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, organs, and glands Sympathetic NS -  Parasympathetic NS – - Components of The NSo Braino Spinal Cordo Spinal Nerves – sensory, motor, autonomic Efferent Transmission – exit brain  tissue cell Afferent Transmission – approach brain  brain cell- Stress (3 major)o Physicalo Chemical/nutritionalo Emotional/mental/spiritual- Stress, the spine, & your healtho It is important to understand that the CNS controls every function in your bodyo The CNS is made up of the brain and spinal cordo The spinal cord is housed in the spineo When the spine is out of proper alignment or is not articulating correctly, it is “subluxated”. (subluxation – bone misarticulation)o A subluxated spine puts pressure on the nerves that exit out of the spine, faulting the signals they send & receiveo Nerves supply every cell in your bodyo Good nerve signals = good cell functiono Poor nerve signals = poor cell functiono Poor cellular function = sickness, disease, and death- The stress cycleo Stress  contraction  subluxation  nerve dysfunction  sickness, disease, and pain  more stress- Chiropractic & Massage:o Chiropractic: align spine, remove interference from the nervous system, allow proper biomechanical function of the skeletal system, reduce strain/tension on the muscular systemo Massage Therapy: reduce spasm in muscular system, …- Good health is worth the effortOctober 24, 2012Ribs & More- Thoracic Cavity: Function – protection (everything surrounded by rib cage)o Hearto Lungso Esophagus – behind tracheao Distal trachea – before esophaguso Major A/V- Ribso True ribs (1-7) – direct connection to sternumo False ribs (8-10) – no direct connection to sternumo Floating ribs (11-12) – no connection to sternumo Supernumerary ribs – not many people actually have these Cervical Lumbar - Joints o Ribs & vertebrae = synovial (gliding) 2 points of contact: body and TVPo Sternum & costal cartilage (sternocostal) 1st: cartilaginous joint 2-7th: synovial (gliding)o Ribs & costal cartilage (costochondral): cartilaginous jointo Dislocations: at the sternocostal (anterior) joint or vertebrocostal (posterior) joint - completely pulling the rib out of the synovial joint – slight motiono Separations: at the costochondral joint – tearing bone from cartilage isa separation – no motiono Fractured rib – can’t be fixed, injury must heal on its owno A good break – occurs at apex, or curve of rib body - can be surgically repaired- Muscles of Inspirationo External intercostal o Diaphragm – moves downward in order to increase volume of thoraxo Internal intercostal (middle layer - intercartilaginous part) closest to sternumo Subcostal o SCM - sternoclydomastoido Scaleneso Pectoral mmo Serratus anterior- Muscles of Expirationo Internal intercostal – costal parto Diaphragm – relaxedo Transverse thoraciso Rectus abdominis – pushes diaphragm up in order to push air out of lungso External oblique – superficial muscle on side of ribs- Movementso Vertical: diaphragmo Anteroposterior (pump handle): intercostal mmo Transverse (bucket handle): intercostal mm- Nerves, Arteries & Veinso Neurovascular bundle Intercostal nerve – anterior rami of thoracic spinal nn Intercostal artery – off aorta Intercostal vein – azygos systemo Internal Thoracic AA (off subclavian) Anterior wallo Lateral Thoracic AA (off axillary)October 26, 2012Breathing For Dummies- Respiratory System:o Function: gas exchange, vocalization, smell, and control of pHo Divisions: upper & lower- Conducting System: o Trachea – tracheal rings, trachealis muscle, ciliated epithelium (mucocilliary escalator)o Carina – 1st main bronchi, 2nd is lobar bronchi, and 3rd is segmental bronchio Bronchioles – smooth muscle, non-ciliated (generally), and macrophageso Alveoli – gas exchange and capillary basket- Clinicalo Cystic Fibrosiso Asthmao Emphysema- Lungso Right lung: superior lobe, middle lobe, inferior lobe, horizontal fissure,and oblique fissureo Left lung: superior lobe, inferior lobe, and oblique fissureo Mediastinal surfaces, “root”, pulmonary arteries and veins, and the trachea- Segmentationo Autonomous segmentso Tertiary bronchio Clinical and surgical importance- Pleurao Visceral pleurao Parietal pleurao Pleural cavity- Breathingo Inhalation – diaphragm down, ribs elevated, pressure decrease, air rushes ino Exhalation – diaphragm up, ribs depressed, pressure increase, and air forced out- Clinicalo Pleurisy – inflammation of pleura = paino Pleuritis – dry pleural surfaces = paino Pneumothroax, Hemothorax, and Hydrothorax = air, blood, fluid in pleural cavity resulting in lung collapseOctober 29The Heart and Circulation- Pulmonary: gas exchange - Systemic: to and from body, lungs, and heart- Pericardium: “peri” = around, Pericardia – fibrous (outer), parietal serous (inner), Visceral serous pericardium (epicardium), pericardial cavity, cardiac tamponade - The Hearto Layers: epicardium (visceral serous pericardium), myocardium (cardiac muscle), endocardium (epithelial tissue)o Chambers:  Atria – pectinate muscle, auricles Ventricles – trabeculae carne Sepata – interatrial, interventricularo AV valves: bicuspid (left) = mitral & tricuspid (right)o Chordae tendinaeo Papillary mmo Valvular prolapse = heart murmuro Semmilunar valves: pulmonary & aortico Non-muscularo Valvular prolapse- Blood Supplyo Arteries: right coronary artery, right marginal branch of RCA, posterior interventricular branch of RCA, left coronary artery, circumflex branch of LCA, Anterior interventricular branch of LCAo Veins: small cardiac (runs with right marginal branch), great cardiac (runs with ant. interventricular branch), coronary sinus (sort of runs with circumflex), middle cardiac (runs with post. interventricular vein)- Conducting Systemo Sinoatrial Node: pacemaker, vagus n. parasympathetic, t1-t5 sympathetico Atrioventricular