Unit 2 Study Guide1. You should understand the two means by which bone is formed. You should be able to explain the major phases in the process of endochondral ossification (i.e., how do most of the bones of your body form?).- Intramembraneous Ossification: when bone forms from embryonic tissue (mesencheim)- Endochondral Ossification: embryonic tissue (mesencheim)  cartilaginous model  bone- Phases of Endochondral Ossification: Starts as just cartilage  primary ossification center forms, bony collar, & periosteum  vascular invasion, primary marrow cavity formation, & secondary ossification center forms  finally bone, enlarged primary marrow cavity, & appearance of secondary marrow cavity at end of epiphysis  bone of child has epiphyseal plate at distal end  adult bone has single marrow cavity & closed epiphyseal plate2. Know two types of bone and where you would find both (i.e., where would you find spongy bone? Why is this significant?)- Compact Bone: really dense & made up of very tiny cylinders called lamellaeLocation – outside layer of boneSignificance – stronger layer that protects spongy bone- Spongy Bone: loosely organized bone (looks like honeycomb)Location – middle of boneSignificance – provides strength without a lot of surface area & lightens the skeleton3. Understand the difference between yellow and red bone marrow, where you would find them, and what their roles are in the body.- Yellow Bone Marrow: yellow because of all the fat in itLocation – diaphysis of bones (middle)Significance – hemopoetic (produces red blood cells) & can be converted into red bone marrow- Red Bone Marrow:Location – epiphysis of bones (ends)Significance – hemopoetic (produces red blood cells), white blood cells, & platelets4. You should know the parts of a long bone and the significance of the metaphisis. You should also be able to identify the two coverings of bone (endosteum and periosteum), and be able to discuss the basic functions of these coverings.Epiphysis: ends of boneDiaphysis: middle of boneMetaphysis: where Epiphysis & Diaphysis meet – growth plates occur hereEndosteum: connective tissue – lines medullary cavityPeriosteum: outer case of bone – where tendons attach5. You should have an understanding of the clinical aspects related to bones and the upper limb that we’ve discussed this unit (breaks, arthritis, dislocations, separations - specifically a “shoulder separation”, bursitis, strains (muscular), sprains (ligaments) and etc.)Breaks: Pathological fractures – breaks that occur because there is a disease involvedStress fractures – a person that does something that causes a bone to breakOpen Reduction – surgery is involved to fix breakClosed Reduction – no surgery is involved to fix breakOsteoporosis: deterioration of bones – they are more susceptible to breakWomen – starts to occur after peak of growth (late teens)Men – starts way later in life (70s or so)Arthritis: damage that occurs at a joint, cartilage damageOsteoarthritis – damage of articular cartilage due to injury, impact, or wear-and-tearRheumatoid – autoimmune disorderDislocations: complete separation of two bones. For upper limb – humerus comes out of glenoid cavitySeparations: partial separation of two bones. For upper limb – involvedacromioclavicular jointBursitis: inflammation of synovial jointsStrains: damage to the muscles around a jointSprains: damaged ligaments at joints6. You should recognize the different kinds of synovial joints, and understand the structure of a general synovial joint. Know the structure and function of the joints in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, and hand. Be able to ID the extracapsular ligaments we’ve discussed around these joints.General structure of synovial joints: Shoulder joints/ligaments: Glenohumeral joint – multiaxial ball-and-socket, consists of humerus & scapula (clavicle stabilizes)Coracoacromial ligament – connects coracoid process & acromion, stabilizeshumeral headCoracohumeral ligament – connects coracoid process & humerus, dorsalGlenohumeral ligament – connects glenoid cavity & humerus, ventralTransverse humeral ligament – covers intertubercular sulcus of humerusElbow joints/ligaments (syndesmoses):Humeroulnar joint – hinge joint, consists of humerus & ulnaRadioulnar joint – pivot joint, consists of radius & ulnaHumeroradial joint – ball-and-socket joint, consists of humerus & radiusAnnular ligament – wraps around head of radius to bind to ulnaUlnar & Radial Collateral ligaments – allow lateral stability for elbowInterosseous Membrane ligament – between ulna & radius, allows load sharingWrist/Hand joints/ligaments:Radiocarpal joint – ellipsoid joint, radius & scaphoidUlnar articulation joint – triangular discPalmar/Dorsal Radiocarpal ligamentPalmar/Dorsal Radioulnar ligament7. Be able to ID the muscles of the upper limb, know their innervations,functions, origins and insertionsMuscles of Brachium: Deltoid:Origin – lateral 1/3 of clavicle, acromion, spine of scapulaInsertion – deltoid tuberosityInnervation – axillary nerveFunction – flexes, abducts, & extends armSupraspinatus:Origin – supraspinous fossaInsertion – greater tubercle of humerusInnervation – suprascapular nerveFunction – elevates & abducts armInfraspinatus: Origin – infraspinous fossaInsertion – greater tubercle of humerusInnervation – suprascapular nerveFunction – laterally rotates armTeres Minor: Origin – dorsal surface/lateral border of scapulaInsertion – greater tubercle of humerusInnervation – axillary nerveFunction – laterally rotates arm but only when adductedSubscapularis:Origin – subscapular fossaInsertion – lesser tubercle of humerusInnervation – upper & lower subscapular nervesFunction – medially rotates armTeres Major:Origin – dorsal surface/lateral border of scapulaInsertion – lesser tubercle of humerusInnervation – lower subscapular nerveFunction – adducts/medially rotates/extends armTriceps Brachii:Origin – long head (medial location): inferior rim of glenoid fossa & lateral head (lateral location): btw greater tubercle & deltoid tuberosityInsertion – olecranonInnervation – radial nerveFunction – extends armAnconeous: Origin – back of lateral epicondyleInsertion – lateral side of olecranonInnervation – radial nerveFunction – extends armMuscles of Antebrachium:Brachioradialis: Origin – just above lateral epicondyle on