Unit 3 NotesOctober 5, 2012Lower LimbPelvic Girdle- Sacrum & Ox Coxae- Os Coxae: ilium, ischium, & pubisGreater & Lesser pelvis (draw line almost through middle of acetabulum up through mid of iliac spine)Pelvis & Gender- Increase the diameter of the pelvic outleto Subpubic angle (smaller in men)o Body of pubis (bigger in women)o Greater sciatic notch and auricular surfaces (in women)Lower Limb- Functions: o Support body weighto Locomotiono Equilibrium- Appendicular Skeletono Hip (Os Coxae)o Thigh (Femur & Patella)o Leg (Tibia & Fibula)o Foot (Tarsus, metatarsals, & phalanges)Compartments & Nerves- Gluteal compartment: Sacral & Coccygeal Plexuso Inferior Gluteal Nerve (gluteus maximus)o Superior Gluteal Nerve (gluteus minimus and medius)o NN to Piriformis & GO-GOs??**- Thigh: Lumbar & Sacralo Anterior: Femoral Nerve (L)o Medial: Obturator (L)o Posterior: Sciatic (S)- Lego Anterior: Deep Fibular (peroneal)o Lateral: Superficial fibularo Posterior: Tibial Nerveo NOTE: Common fibular  Deep & Superficial Fibular Nerves- Footo Plantar: Medial & Lateral Plantar Nerves (branches of tibial nerve)o Dorsal: Dorsal Nerve (branch of deep fibular/peroneal)Arteries- IliacsFemoral- FemoralPopliteal- PolitealAnterior Tibial & Posterior Tibial- Anterior TibialDorsal Pedal- Posterior TibialFibular- FibularPlantarVeins- Same as Arteries!- Superficial veins: Great Saphenous & Small SaphenousClinical- Varicose Veinso Enlarged, twisted veinso Valves failureo Common in superficial veinso Painful, itchy, ulcerativeo Surgical & non-surgical treatmentsOctober 10/12, 2012Pelvic Girdle & Muscles of Hip JointJoints- Pubic Symphysis:o Cartilaginous joint- Sacroiliac jointo Synovial joint Little motiono Ligaments Anterior & Posterior Sacroiliac Sacrospinous Sacrotuberous- Coxal Joint (Hip)o Synovial: ball & socketo Ligaments: Pubofemoral ligament, Iliofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligamentClinical- Hip fractures - Hip replacements (most likely to break neck and head of femur, acetabulum can also be replaced, pubic symphysis can break)Muscles- Anterior compartment (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis, Sartorius, iliopsoas – psoas major, psoas minor, illacus, tensorfasciae latae, iliotibial band, )o Flexion at hipo Extension at kneeo Abduction/Adductiono Femoral N (also Superior Gluteal Nerve)- Medial compartment (adductor magnus, adductor longus, adductor brevis,, gracilis, obturator externus, pectineus)o Adduction at hipo Flexion at kneeo Flexion at hipo Extension at hipo Obturator & Tibial Nerve (Add. Magnus hamstring)- Gluteal region (gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, superior gemellus, obterator internus, inferior gemellus, quadratus femoris)o Extension at hipo Medial rotationo Lateral rotationo Abduction- Posterior compartment – antagonist group of anterior compartment! (biceps femoris – long & short head, semitendinosus, semimembranosus)o Extension at hipo Flexion at kneeo Tibial Nerve & Common Fibular/peroneal Nerve (short head of biceps femoris)Joints: Knee- Two articulations: o Hinge joint – femur/tibiao Gliding joint – patella/femuro Flexion/extensiono Some rotationMenisci- Medial/Lateral meniscuso Fibrocartilage discs- Function:o Match articular surfaceso Shock absorbingo Joint stability- Ligaments:o Extracapsular: patellar, medial collateral, lateral collateralo Intracapsular: Anterior cruciate – weaker, prevents hyperextension, prevents anterior displacement (tibial). Posterior cruciate – stronger, prevents hyperflexion, prevents posterior displacement (tibial).Joints: Tibiofibular- Proximal tibiofibular joint:o Synovial (gliding)o Relatively immobile- Distal tibiofibular jointo Syndesmosis (fibrous joint)o Critical to ankle stability- Interosseous membraneMuscles Acting on Knee- Extensorso Quads (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius)- Flexorso Hamstring group (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus,magnus)o Gastrocnemiuso Plantaris: equivalent to palmaris longus in the hand, be careful in lab*, the tendon looks like a nerve! (plantarflexion)- Rotatorso Popliteus Tibia (medially) when seated Femur (laterally) when standingOctober 15, 2012Foot & LegTalocrural Joint (Ankle)- Function: dorsiflexion/plantarflexion- Articulation: tibia&fibula/talusSubtalar joint- talus and calcaneusTransverse talar joint - talus/calcaneus and navicular/cuboidLigaments of the Ankle- Lateral collateral ligaments: lateral malleolus – talus/calcaneus- Deltoid Ligaments: medial malleolus – talus/calcaneus - High ankle sprain – tore interosseous membraneLongitudinal Arch of Foot- Function: supports body weight and resists deformation during locomotion- Maintained by: bones, ligaments (spring), and plantar aponeurosis