LING 1010: EXAM 1
98 Cards in this Set
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module
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a component of a complex system that has a specific function
ie. battery in a car or a hard drive in a computer
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"the human mind is...
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what the brain does"
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substitute for mind
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behavior, because it is perceptible and caused by a mental process (the mind)
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our mind is
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a collection of stored information and information processing
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instincts
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knowledge that we are born with (nature)
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assumption about language
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language use (production and perception) is behavior that is based on knowledge that forms in a module of the mind (the mental grammar)
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Noam Chomzky
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"most of language is innate"
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semiotics
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the study of sign systems
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sign
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also called a symbol
any package of form and meaning
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simple vs. complex signs
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simple signs are words, complex signs are adding words together to form sentences
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syntax
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the rule system for combining simple signs
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prescription
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how (according to authorities) we are supposed to choose and pronounce our words and form our sentences
**NOT a part of linguistics
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description
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how languages are actually used
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goal of linguistics
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to provide a model or theory of the mental grammar that explains language behavior
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epistemology
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the theory of knowledge
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plato
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all ideas are innate
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Aristotle
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all ideas come from experience
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'Cogito Ergo Sun'
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Rene Descartes, "i think therefor i am"
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empiricism
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A theory that states that human knowledge, behavior, and abilities are due to experience, environment, and learning
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Innateness
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"Nature" humans have a mind for language
universal grammar and mental grammar
genes, genetics and biology all affect language
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nativism
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A theory that states that knowledge is part of our innate endowment (already “built in” at time of birth)
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Empiricism
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"Nurture" blank slate
learn through experience
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linguistics view on language?
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information from environment interacts with ones inmate knowledge
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materialism
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the idea that minds do not exist, or are simple a 'label' for what the brain does
combination of both behaviorism and physicalism
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monism
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monism
rejects dualism and believes that the mind and body are not independent 'things'
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three levels of study in cognitive science
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functional level
algorithmic level
implementational level
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functional level of CogSci
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what is the function of the module
what does it do? How does it work?
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parallelism
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the information flow is not modeled as a single chain of steps, but rather as a multitude of such chains that happen side by side
thought of as the more realistic brain processing theory
Connectionist approach
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serialism
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the idea that information processing is a serial step-by-step algorithmic process.
"The classical approach"
Chomsky
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algorithmic level of CogSci
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actual specification of the unites and rules that make up the innate system and the mental grammar that it develops into
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implementation level of CogSci
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the specification of the algorithms in the form of a computer
the neurological model of how the actual brain processes
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Joseph Galls ide of...
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phrenology, important because it lead to later theories
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Jerry Fodors idea of
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modularity
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prescriptive grammar
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rules how you ought to speak according to some norm
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descriptive grammar
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study of how people actually speak
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linguistics competence
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the knowledge of language
ie. mental grammar
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linguistic performance
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the production/perception of actual utterances
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idealism
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only know reality through our perceptions
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evolutionary psychology adopts the idea that
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the mind is modular and seeks evolutionary explanations for the emergence of each model
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behavioral genetics
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studies the contributions of genes and environment with respect to human traits
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category labels
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if a word is a noun, verb, adjective etc.
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phonology
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the study of phonemes and how they combine to form forms
how specific sounds are used to distinguish words form one another
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semantics
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study of concepts and how they combine to form meanings
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syntax
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the study of word class labels and how to combine to form sentences
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complex words
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consist of more than one meaningful part
ie. read-able, un-fair
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morpheme
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minimal package of form, meaning and category
it cannot be divided into smaller parts
CAN be divided into smaller phonemes
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"free" morpheme (define and examples)
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units that cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts (can stand alone w meaning)
ie. father, table, cat)
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"bound" morpheme (define and example)
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"word pieces" also called an affix
ie. re-, un-, -able, -hood
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mental grammar
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a stock of morphemes and rules to form complex words and sentences
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two things that mental grammar does
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construction: building structures like words and sentences
inspection: checking that each structure is well formed
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tree diagram parts
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used to show how words come together
terminal nodes: daughters, or the things you combine
mother mode: unit that is formed
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six components of mental grammar
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word: phonology, semantics and syntax
sentences: phonology, semantics and syntax
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three dimensions to check "wellformedness"
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form (phonology)
category (morph-syntax)
meaning (semantics)
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an arbitrary combination of form and meaning is called..
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morpheme
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lexicon
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the place where we store words
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mental grammar consists of how many submodules?
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six
word phonology
sentence phonology
lexical semantics
sentence semantics
morphology
syntax
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when is a linguistic expression called grammatical?
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when it is in accordance with the constraints and repairs that hold for each of its three dimensions
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node
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each point in a tree diargram
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branch
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a line that connects any 2 nodes in a tree diagram
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root node
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the topmost node in a tree diagram
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terminal nodes
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do not dominate any other nodes in a tree diagram (at bottom)
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phonetics
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studies how sounds are produced, their acoustic properties and how they are perceived
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phoneme
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the central building block of phonology
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allophone
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technical term for speech sound
can be multiple for a single letter or phoneme
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phonotactics
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a system of statements (called constraints)
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morphology
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making words by combining words and affixes
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word and affix labels in morphology
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word: X0
affix: X-1
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allomorphy
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the phenomenon that a morpheme has several manifestations as a result of phonemic repair rules
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a syllable can be divided into what three parts
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the onset, the nucleus and the coda
only the nucleus (vowel) is required tho
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the english plural morpheme has how many allomorphs?
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3
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the head of the word
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the daughter node that projects her category to the mother node
usually on the right side of the word
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two types of morphology
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derivation: combining of words and affixes (read+able)
compounding: combining words (arm+chair)
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what does a zero subscript mean?
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that the word is a free morpheme
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projection requirement
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the label of a complex word is identical to the label of the head
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insertion requirement
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affixes must be attached to a base that matches the insertion requirement for that affix
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syntax and semantics are...
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independent
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syntax deals with
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categorical side of sentences (structure in terms of category labels)
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recursive rule
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rule that creates and environment for its own reapplication
a general property of language (sentences in sentences)
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the longest sentence in english?
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does not exist
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principles
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aspects of a language that are universal to all human agnates, which are potentially present at birth
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parameters
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points of permitted variation across languages, limited number of switches or options
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iconicity
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a relationship of resemblance between the form and meaning of a word
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"-able" is what
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an adjective maker
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shorthand for a noun phrase
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N1
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What is the difference between a workflow rule and an Approval Process?
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Approval Processes are manually submitted to be activated
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inflectional morphemes
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must be attached because the context (subject) of the word requires their presence
(ie. -ed, -s, -ing)
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a rule that changes /in/ to /im/ infant of /possible/ is called
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an allomorphy tule
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the impossibility of a word like "ptom" in English is ruled out by
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phonotactic constraints
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the minimal pair [bat] vs. [pat] allows us to conclude that
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[b] and [m] belong to two different phonemes
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the morpheme combination of "regood" violates
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a categorical restraint
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what did the theory of behaviorism posit?
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that human learning was based solely on responses to environmental stimuli
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each linguistic expression has three sides
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its meaning
its (phonological) form
its categorical label
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each grammatical subsystem consists of
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words, sentences and phrase structure rules
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rationalism is the epistemological view point that
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humans have innate knowledge
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optical illusions demonstrate that
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our visual system operates with hidden rules that we are unaware of
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form, meaning and category are dimensions of
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morphemes, words, phrases and sentences
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a phrase must have
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a head
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recursion allows
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the formation of an unlimited number of words and sentences
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LING 1010: EXAM 1