LING 1010: EXAM 1
50 Cards in this Set
| Front | Back |
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What do we mean when talking about the mind in this course?
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Scientific thought - cognitive abilities
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Give 3 examples of cognitive abilities that humans have
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Perception
Memory
Logic
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Give 1 argument showing that language is specific to humans
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Ability to make accomplishments possible
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What do we mean when we say that the mind has structure?
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Each cognitive ability works in a very specific way
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What are 3 possibilities as to the way our structured cognitive ability got into our physical brain?
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Answer 1
A 2
Cognition of both
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Phoneme
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The smallest segment of speech that leads to a meaningful
difference between words.
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Sound is...
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a distortion of air pressure (how closely packed the air molecules are)
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Sound travels in waves. Name two.
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Transverse
Longitudinal
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Properties of waves: Amplitude
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measure of the force applied to an area of air during
compression.
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Properties of waves: Frequency
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measure of the number of compression cycles that a
wave completes in a given unit of time.
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Formants
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highest amplitude peaks in the frequency spectrum created
by the human vocal tract.
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Representation
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just what it sounds like: an object that stands in a symbolic
relationship with another object
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Mental Representation
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just what it sounds like: a representation made
by your mind
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McGurk Effect
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suggests that we fuse audio and visual information during
the perception of speech.
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Articulatory Feature
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property of a phoneme that is related to the way it is produced.
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Two types of articulatory features for vowels
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Height: Is the tongue low or high
Backness: Is the tongue forward or back?
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Three Types of Articulatory Features for Consonants
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Place of Articulation: Where in the vocal tract is the airflow being obstructed?
Manner of Articulation: How is the airflow being obstructed?
Voicing: Are the vocal folds vibrating during this obstruction or not?
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Manners of Articulation
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Stops (Plosives) - the airflow is completely obstructed
Nasals - the airflow is diverted to the nasal cavity
Fricatives - the airflow is disturbed, but not completely stopped
Affricates - a stop + fricative
Laterals - the tongue blocks the air, but air escapes around the sides
Approx…
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Voiced
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Let the vocal folds vibrate during the obstruction
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Voiceless
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Stop the vocal folds from vibrating during the obstruction
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Phonological Theory
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the study of the patterns of sequences of sounds in language
phonology
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Theory of phonology that captures patterns by postulating three components
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An underlying representation
A surface representation
A rule that maps from an underlying representation to the surface representation
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Morphology
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The study of the meaning and shape of words
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Compositional
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can be derived from the
independent meanings of the parts (if the meanings are
composed of the meanings of the smaller parts).
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Morpheme
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The smallest unit of language that carries a distinct meaning.
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Bound Morphemes (or affixes)
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Morphemes that only occur attached to a free morpheme
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Infixation
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fan⋅fucking⋅tas⋅tic
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Hierarchical structure
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smaller units are combined to
form larger units
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Two different uses of "structure"
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mind having structure
words having structure
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Ambiguous
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meaning of a string is if there is more than one
possible meaning.
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semantics and
lexical semantics
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A fancier word for “meaning” is
when it comes to words, call their meaning
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Lexicon
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the section of
long-term memory
dedicated to storing
words
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Frequency of Occurrence
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the number of times that a word
occurs.
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Corpus
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collection of text
that was written or spoken by
people.
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High Frequency
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words have faster lexical decision times.
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Low Frequency
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words have slower lexical decision times.
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Spreading Activation
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process by which nodes in the
network activate nodes that
they are connected to.
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Semantic Priming
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Words that are semantically related to each
other make each other faster during lexical decision!
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Lexicon
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the section of long-term memory dedicated to storing words.
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Organizational Principle 1
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frequency effect suggests
that the lexicon is organized according to the frequency of
words
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Organizational Principle 2
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Semantic priming suggests
that the lexicon is organized according to the semantics/
meaning of words.
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Syntax
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means word order
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Theory of Syntax
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theory of the structure in the mind that gives you this
knowledge.
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Grammatical Sentences
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Sentences that are possible in our language
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Ungrammatical Sentences
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sentences that are impossible
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Sentences can’t be memorized because
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Sentences are infinite in number, and infinite in length
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Transformation
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exactly what it sounds like: it is a syntactic rule that takes
the output of the phrase structure rules, and rearranges (or transforms) that
output into a new output.
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Grammar
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set of rules that generates all
(and only) the sentences of a given language.
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Parser
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cognitive system for building
hierarchical structure from the sequential input
of words based on the rules of the grammar.
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Working Memory
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section of memory that your brain uses to complete
real-time processes like parsing a sentence
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LING 1010: EXAM 1