Words are at least two components What are those components Which of the two components is available in the speech signal What is the lexicon What are the two organizational principles of the lexicon What are some experiments that show the lexicon is organized in this way What is a semantic network What is spreading activation What is a morpheme What is a lexeme Sound and meaning Lexical semantics meaning of words Sound Physical signal does not contain any meaning the section of long term memory dedicated to storing words in human memory it is in the long term indefinite declarative section word frequency the number of times a word occurs semantics meaning frequency effect higher frequency words have faster lexical decision times lower frequency words have slower lexical decision times i e you are faster at recognizing higher frequency words semantic priming words that are semantically related to each other make each other faster during lexical decision ex Bus primes truck because accessing bus activates truck making truck easier to access chair does not prime truck because truck and chair are not closely related words are connected based on their semantic relatedness a process by which nodes in the network activate nodes that they are connected to at each step the activation decreases because the concept is not as strongly associated the smallest unit of language that carries a distinct meaning fierce desk boot at all single morphemes desks pencils boots all two morphemes preset prepay prequalify all two morphemes free morphemes morphemes that can be a stand alone word bound morphemes morphemes that only occur attached to a free morpheme called affixes prefixes suffixes infixes compound words words composed of two or more free morphemes novel compounds compounds you make up on the fly 2 words lexicalized compounds compounds that have become stored as complete units 1 word the lexical unit stored in the lexicon What are masked priming experiments What were the results of such experiments What do masked priming experiments suggest about how complex words are formed i e are they stored or composed What are the four lobes of the brain What functions seem connected to those areas What are Brodmann s areas What is Broca s aphasia What are the three tasks used to assess which components are damaged in aphasia similar to a standard priming experiment except the prime is preceded by a mask and the prime is presented too quickly to consciously recognize a very short priming duration will reveal early priming effects potentially differentiating slow processes normal priming from fast processes masked priming morphological priming is present very early and subconsciously and cannot be due to the sum of form and meaning therefore there is morphological processing no effect of morphology that influences priming morphology is not real words are stored as units not morphemes frontal decision making planning emotions personality parietal integration of sensory information spatial relationships touch reading temporal memory hearing emotion occipital vision areas of the brain identified by cytoarchitechtonics arrangement of neurons in layers damage to Broca s area also called expressive aphasia patients have trouble producing speech speech is halting with numerous grammatical errors often omitting function words and a potentially limited number of lexical items comprehension is not perfect but the comprehension impairment is less severe than the production impairment word repetition only requires speech processing auditory comprehension requires speech processing connections to stored meanings and stored meanings there is a directional component to the connections taxes all three components of the lexical access system but only in one direction from speech processing to stored meanings naming requires speech processing connections to stored meanings and stored meanings directional component uses all three components of lexical access components but only in one direction from stored meanings and speech processing What are the symptoms of Williams syndrome What are the symptoms of Specific Language Impairment Who are the KE family What is a double dissociation How do Williams syndrome and SLI suggest a double dissociation between language and general intelligence cognitive and physical deficits but no language deficits elf like facial features narrowing of blood vessels throughout the body thickening of the cortex of the right hemisphere increased folding fissurization of the brain cortical complexity decrease in cortical volume deficit in general intelligence visual spatial cognitive effects can trace but not copy excel at facial recognition a developmental disorder that specifically affects language without any other disorder that can explain it production delay in first words deviant production of first sounds simplified grammatical productions omission of tense markers etc restricted vocabulary in both production and comprehension trouble repeating words or sentences perhaps due to short term memory deficits comprehension difficulty with complex sentences and or rapid speech have a deficit in the use of functional morphology children make errors of omission optional infinitives theory never misuse functional morphology only omit it one theory suggests that remain in the optional infinitive stage longer than typically developing children a family in London with a particularly severe form of SLI the deficit has appeared in nearly half of the family members across at least three generations researchers investigate the behavioral deficits and genetic differences between family members affected family members show functional morphology deficits language deficits beyond typical functional morphology deficits and oral facial deficits double dissociation when two functions are shown to operate independently of one another ability to acquire language relies on domain specific mechanisms language acquisition is independent of general intelligence Williams Syndrome affects general intelligence but no few effects on language What are the three arguments that sentences are composed and not simply stored What does it mean to say that sentences have hierarchal structure Natural languages allow for sentences of infinite length What property of language allows for this What makes a function phrase structure rule recursive What types of rules are found in natural languages Come up with two phrase structure