What are truth conditions What is the difference between object language and meta language What is idea theory What are two problems with idea theory How is meaning represented in a formal semantic theory What is entailment When does entailment hold between two sentences Give examples tell you what exactly the world your actual situation has to be like for the sentence to be true have to give exactly the meaning of the sentence the exact meaning is captured if we have stated what is necessary only if and sufficient if for the sentence to be true meta language is a language used to study an object language ex English Spanish object language is semantic knowledge ex In a linguistics paper you have paragraphs of text metalanguage talking about an object object language the meaning of a word is the concept we associate with it doesn t relate to words like fail why and or etc subjectivity of concepts dog difference is irrelevant to truth conditions and entailments of sentences like I saw a dog knowing the meaning of dog means applying it exactly to dogs in a given situation we identify dog with all the dogs in that situation the set that contains all and only the dogs names refer to the individual that bears that name combining meanings John is sleeping is true if and only if John is sleeping underlying John is sleeping is true if and only if the individual referred to by John is among the individuals in the set identified with sleep and is identified with a particular way of combining sets sleep and snore is identified in the set of individuals that are both in the set identified with sleep and in the set identified with snore verbs denote sets nouns denote entities in the real world a group of sentences G entails a sentence S if and only if whenever every member of G is true S is also true part of the literal meaning 1 John saw all the children 2 Sally is one of the children 3 John saw Sally the group of 1 and 2 entails 3 4 John saw Sally and Sally is a child What is implicature When does one sentence implicate another sentence Give examples What is the difference between entailment and implicature What is the co operativity principle What are three characteristics of human language that we don t seem to find in other animal communication systems What is the vervet monkey communication system How is it like human language How is it different What are some attempts to teach animals human language 5 John saw at least one child 4 entails 5 sentences often invite inferences that go beyond their literal meaning ex Jane no longer swims a mile daily is a conversational implicature of Jane used to swim a mile daily not an entailment conversational implicatures can be blocked explicitly defeasible ex Jane used to swim a mile daily In fact she still does even if not blocked explicitly the context of the utterance may be such that the conversational implicature does not arise conversational implicatures cannot be part of the literal meaning ex A I am out of gas B There is a garage around the corner Conversational implicature That garage is open and has gas in store particular case of implicature where the literal meaning is replaced by its contrary irony entailment is part of the literal meaning implicature is not part of the literal meaning make your conversational contribution such as is required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged grammar tacit knowledge of rules that yield an infinite amount of sentences from a finite number of words recursion unlimited ability to form and understand new sentences in response to new situations creativity unlimited ability to abstract away from the here and now displacement elaborate call system unlike human languages because finite set of expressions no combinations fixed response no displacement like human languages because overgeneralization in learning innate categories adapted to experience dog training parrots are better equipped for the production of human languages vocal tract startlings American Sign Language to apes Chimpanzee Sarah manipulating symbols on board Chimpanzee Washoe Nim Chimpsky Gorilla Koko Bonobo Kanzi animals seem to learn little vocabulary they have no or little grammar no evidence of recursion and no or very little possibilities of displacement phonology morphology syntax and semantics subject to the critical sensitive period of language acquisition handshape palm orientation location motion noun verb pairs two taps noun one tap verb not affixation simultaneous articulation repeated circular motion an ongoing continuous event at that point in time repeated straight motion a punctuated event that happens multiple times or habitually word order in English is based on grammatical roles subject verb object word order in ASL is based on discourse roles topic under discussion first called topic comment order ex Subject is topic Subject verb object object is topic object subject verb simultaneity of facial features in syntax many negative statements are identical to the positive statement but with a head shake during production yes no questions are formed by a declarative sentence coupled by the yes no question face pronouns space pronouns produced by pointing verbs space indicate directionality of event must have language input during first 2 years of life babies who do not have language input then receive cochlear implants and have spoken language only master 60 70 babies who do receive language input then receive cochlear implants and have spoken language master What do other animals seem to learn about human language What aspects do they never seem to grasp What aspects of language are found in signed languages What are the articulatory features for signed languages What aspects of signed language appear to be evidence for morphology How does the syntax of ASL appear to be different from that of English How do we know that sign language appears to have a similar critical period effect to spoken language What are some ways in which languages can vary How does language variation bare on the question of innate knowledge of language What is a dialect What is the difference between a language and a dialect Is the difference linguistic What is AAE How does AAE differ from Standard American English What does it mean to say that a language dies Why do so many languages have so few speakers What are some causes of language death What is lost when a language