LING MIDTERM EXAM REVIEW Review 1 People Plato Descartes Emmanuel Kant Chomsky Nature controversial Rationalism Empiricism Mind Body dualism Rene Descartes Aristotle John Locke David Hume Nurture Sociobiology Functionalism E O Wilson Ant guy Jerry Fodor Behaviorism B F Skinner Review 2 What are the objects of study of Evolutionary Psychology and Behavioral Genetics The way we behave now from past evolutionary psychology hunter gatherer How can we link genes and behavior Evolutionary Psychology Behavioral Genetics both have innate knowledge and behavior What are Marr s three levels the computational the algorithmic and the implementational Marr s Tri Level Hypothesis Computational level sometimes called the functional level what does the system do e g what problems does it solve or overcome and similarly why does it do these things Algorithmic level sometimes representational level how does the system do what it does specifically what representations does it use and what processes does it employ to build and manipulate the representations Implementational sometimes called the physical level how is the system physically realized in the case of biological vision what neural structures and neuronal activities implement the visual system Review 3 What are the two important minimal units emes and the two others 1 Morphemes minimal piece of linguistic structure with a form meaning and category ex Dog has a sound meaning and category 2 Phonemes minimal unit of sound smallest change of sound 3 Syntacteme Minimal category noun verb INTERNAL THEORETICAL 4 Sememe Minimal unit of meaning INTERNAL THEORETICAL Review 4 Summarize the discussion of each of these topics 1 Serialism vs Parallelism Theories of CogSci How the brain works Serialism One after another Parallelism Connectionist models assume that there are a lot of computations all over the place no innate representations 2 Phrenology the mind consists of several mental functions they are located in specific regions of the brain which are the same in all people Bumps on the skull are an indication of well developed brain areas and thus of the mental functions that these areas underwrite a Overview of Phrenology i ii iii Feeling bumps Entirely discredited Earliest theory of modularity 3 Attachment Theory John Bowlby formulated attachment theory young children need to develop a relationship with at least one primary caregiver for normal social and emotional development If needs are not met children can have delays in development Review 5 1 Operant VS Classical conditioning a Operant causes a learned pattern of behavior through voluntary behavior rat b Classical involuntary behaviors Pavlov s dogs hearing the bell and start in cage presses lever to receive food drooling part of behaviorism 2 Aristotle s laws of frequency Domain general learning mechanisms The more frequently two things are experienced together the more likely it will be that the experience or recall of one will stimulate the recall of the second Law of similarity Things events that are similar tend to be linked Law of contrast Things events that are opposite tend to be linked Law of continuity Things events that occur together in time or space are linked in the mind Law of Frequency The linkage will be strong if things events all the other laws occur occur very often 3 The boy who was raised as a girl a Takeaway Innateness of behavior plays a role in gender expression An entirely nurture based approach doesn t work Practice Exam Question 1 which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a module in the sense of Jerry Fodor s modularity theory Answers Informational encapsulation Domain specificity Classical Conditioning Answer Classical conditioning Question 2 What did the theory of behaviorism posit Answers Behaviorism posited that human learning was based solely on responses to environmental stimuli Behaviorism posited that human learning was based solely on innate mechanisms Behaviorism posited that human learning was based on an interplay of innate mechanisms and environmental factors Answer Behaviorism posited that human learning was based solely on responses to environmental stimuli Question 3 Rationalism is the epistemological view point that Answers All or most of human knowledge is innate Humans make decision based on reasoning All or most of human knowledge is derived from experience Answer All or most of human knowledge is innate Question 4 mind body dualism refers to a philosophy that we attribute to Answers Noam Chomsky Rene Descartes Plato Answer Rene Descartes Empiricism Monism Rationalism Question 5 The so called standard social science model conforms to the view point of Answers Answer Empiricism Question 6 What does the term nurture refer to Answers The knowledge that comes from our sensory based experience The knowledge that comes from our genetic endowment The knowledge that we get only explicit instruction Answer The knowledge that comes from our sensory based experience Question 7 Aristotle formulated his laws of association and frequency These were meant as Answers General learning mechanisms that guide the acquisition of knowledge based on sensory experience Criteria for domain specific modules Innate mental modules such as those that a rationalist would propose Answer General learning mechanisms that guide the acquisition of knowledge based on sensory experience Question 8 To interpret the meaning of word like unreadable we need to know Answers The hierarchical grouping of its parts un read and able The linear order of its parts un read and able The sequences of speech sounds that make up this word Answer The hierarchical grouping of its parts un read and able Question 9 Universal Grammar which has been proposed by Noam Chomsky is an instantiation of Answers Empiricism Rationalism Nominalism Answer Rationalism Question 10 A central concept in information theory is the notion of redundancy When do we say that units of information in a certain message or sentence are redundant Answers When they are uninteresting When they can be predicted based on other information in the message When they convey the most important information in the message Answer When they can be predicted based on other information in the message