121 Cards in this Set
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Prenatal development patterns: cephalocaudal?
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development proceeds from head to feet
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prenatal development patterns: proximodistal?
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development proceeds from center to extremities
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prenatal development: 1st trimester
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< 0.10 inches at 4 weeks
< 1 inch at 8 weeks
3 inches and 1 ounce at 12 weeks
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prenatal development: 2nd trimester
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6 inches and 5.5 ounces at 16 weeks
12 inches and 1 pound at 20 weeks
14 inches and 1.25 pounds at 24 weeks
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prenatal development: 3rd trimester
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16 inches and 3 pounds at 28 weeks
17.25 inches and 4.5 pounds at 32 weeks
19.5 inches and 6.75 pounds at 37 weeks
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critical period
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begins and ends abruptly
phenomenon will not emerge
example: vision-blind kittens; second language-accent
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sensitive period
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begins and ends gradually
time of maximum sensitivity
example: first language
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teratogens
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nicotine/secondhand smoke
alcohol
cocaine/meth
marijuana
heroin/methadone
caffeine
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nicotine/secondhand smoke (teratogen)
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low birth weight
respiratory problems
SIDS
ADHD
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alcohol (teratogen)
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low birth weight
FAS: small body and brain, heart defects, hearing loss, flattened faces, shorter adult high, mild mental retardation
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cocaine/meth (teratogen)
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impaired motor development
ADHD
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marijuana (teratogen)
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tremors
sleep problems
memory deficits
low interest
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Heroin/methadone (teratogen)
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miscarriage
premature labor and death
newborn addiction/withdrawal
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teratogens: maternal influences
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RH0incompatibility
age
chronic illness
maternal emotion
maternal nutrition
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Rh-incompatibility (teratogen)
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miscarriage and heart/brain defets
easily treated: RhoGAM
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AGE (teratogen)
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adolescent moms and moms over 35 have increase problems
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chronic illness (teratogen)
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slow/fast fetal growth
balancing mother's medication against infant's exposure
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maternal emotion (teratogen)
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depression and stress
reduced oxygen flow to fetus and premature birth
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maternal nutrition (teratogen)
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obesity linked to neonatal death
folic acid linked tot neural tube defects
mercury and PCBs in fish linked to brain and nervous system defects
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embryo protection hypothesis
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morning sickness (75%-89%)
-associated food aversions: 32% coffee, tea, cocoa; 18% vegetables; 16% meat and eggs; majority fried or bbq foods; majority alcohol; consuming these foods more likely to result in vomiting
-unlikely to feel food aversions towards grains
-morning sickness pre…
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evidence for embryo protection hypothesis
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morning sickness peaks 2-4 weeks after conception (when fetus is most vulnerable)
disappears by 14th week (when organogenesis is complete)
3X less likely to have spontaneous abortion is have sickness
sickness occurs cross-culturally
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heart rate and movement studies
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25th week-fetus responds to sound
32nd week-fetus identifies novel sounds
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cat in the hat study
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newborns adjust sucking patterns to hear familiar stories
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classical music study
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6 month olds exposed to 70 hours of classical mucis in utero were more advanced in motor control and cognitive skills
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low birth weight
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weigh less than 5.5 pounds
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preterm
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born 3 or more weeks early
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small for date
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weigh less than 90% of infants of the same age
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contrasting preterm care- kangaroo care
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helps baby coordinate physiological needs
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contrasting preterm care-massage therapy
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helps baby's physical and emotional growth
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contrasting preterm care-Al's therapy
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prevents baby from being overs stimulated
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embryonic development
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genes from our DNA create neural connections
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neuron is composed of?
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dendrites
cell body
axon
myelin sheath
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physiological development- after birth
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environmental experience guides the brain's development
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newborn senses: sensation occurs when? where?
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occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors
-eyes
-ears
-tongue
-signals sent to the brain via the nervous system (neurons)
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Newborn senses: touch
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mouth-puckers
face- turn towards the stimulus
harlow's experiments
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newborns senses: smell
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distinguish between the mothers breast and a wired breast plate
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newborns senses: taste
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within 2 hours of age- respond to salty, bitter, and sweet
within 4 months of age- prefer salty, used to be averse
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infant nutrition: has to be at what level?
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50 cal/pound of body weight
more than twice the intake requirement for adults
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malnutrition: macronutrients
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not enough calories
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malnutrition: micronutrients
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not enough vitamins and minerals
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infant nutrition: junk food
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1/3 of infants eat NO fruits and veggies
by 15 months, french fries are the most commonly eaten vegetable
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malnourished body: physiological problems? effects?
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dont receive enough nutrients and oxygen
effects: diarrhea, hemorrhage, kidney failure, micronutrient deficiency, and macronutrient deficiency
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micronutrient deficiency: has to do with what? and what occurs?
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has to do with zinc
growth is stunted
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macronutrient deficiency: has to do with what? and what occurs?
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has to do with protein
Kwashiokor (beer belly)
Marasmus
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infants need how much sleep per day?
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need 10-21 hours of sleep per day
-when at least 4 months old: settle into "adult like" sleeping patterns
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infants and sleep: REM what is it? what happens?
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rapid eye movement
-most critical part of recovery
-dreaming occurs
-short power naps arent long enough to reach REM sleep
-paradoxical sleep-high neuron activity, same as when awake
-infants and adults experience REM differently
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sleep-deprived babies: signs
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looking glazed over
losing interest
more clingy
more accident prone
trouble waking up in the morning
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sleep deprived babies: effects
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poor control over emotions
in bad moods for longer periods of time
not enough neural synapses
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sleeping behaviors and parenting: believed benefits of co-sleeping with infants
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encourages breastfeeding
easier to sleep
feeling of closeness
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infants sleeping in bed dangers
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smothering
crushed bones
death
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SIDS
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suden infant death syndrome
-highest risk age 1-3 months
-leading cause of death for infants aged 1-12 months
-sleeping on backs on firm surface without toys decreases risk (NICHD)
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Commonalities of SIDS?
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low birth weight
exposure to smoke
sleeping in soft bedding
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newborn nutrition: breastfeeding benefits for infant? explain each.
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improved weight/size gain: lower change of childhood obesity; improved bone mass
fewer intestinal problems: lower proportion of protein-easier to digest
improved immune system function: no allergies; fewer infections; linked to better reactions to immunizations
improved intelligence
l…
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breastfeeding benefits for mother?
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faster postpartum recovery
return to pre-pregnancy weight
linked to lower rates of cancer
more economical and convenient than bottles and formula
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prolonged breastfeeding (beyond 4 months)?
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increased risk for high cholesterol/blood pressure
linked to heart disease/inadequate growth
health benefits to 6 months may outweigh risks
mom's milk changes over time- not nutritionally appropriate later in life
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freud's oral stage in infants show what? explain all 3.
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symbiotic relationship: btw mother/infant; source of pleasure is mouth
weaning crisis: nursing forms attachment; infant cant sleep w/out mother; too much/little gratification can lead to fixation
fixation-oral behaviors and personality: ex-nail biting, chewing gum/pens; overly dependent…
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eriksons trust vs. mistrust stage in infants shows what? explain both.
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at birth infant becomes less secure: importance of caring consistent caregiver (feeding primary way that trust is determined)
one time crisis: trust vs. mistrust may occur at any time in life; emphasizes understanding of self and beginning of independence
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adaptive reflexes
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work across the lifespan
example: withdrawing from pain and blinking
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primitive reflexes? what do they include?
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are controlled by the primitive brain and work only during infancy
rooting, sucking, moro, babinski, stepping, swimming, and tonic neck
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infants senses: vision at birth
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poor color vision: ability to distinguish red, blue, green approx. 2-4 months
focus occurs at approx. 8-12 inches
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infants vision: tracking and depth perception
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tracking becomes skilled at 6-10 weeks: face scanning becomes more skilled around this time; peripheral vision increases rapidly
depth perception: gibson and walk visual cliff experiments; adaptive-does not develop until infant needs it
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infants prefer to look at what six things?
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curved lines, 3D figures, human faces
mothers face
hairlines, eyebrows, and chins
attractive faces
eyes
bright colors
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infants hearing
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better than vision
location improves to adult level by 18 months
more difficulty with high pitched sounds
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why do we use baby talk?
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preferred over adult directed speech
both quality and quantity are important
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what does baby talk consist of?
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higher pitch
rythmic
repetitious
question/answer format
recasting
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infant listening
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can distinguish all speech sounds in ALL human languages by 1 month (starts to disappear at 6 months)
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infant listening preferences?
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mothers voice over new women
native language over foreign language
familiar stories over new ones
beethoven over aerosmith
**preference for language seems universal
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language development milestones? what are they/what age?
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crying: birth-1 m
cooing: 1-2m; squealing/gurgling
babbling: 6-7m; mimicking sound
receptive lang: 8-12m; words have meaning
holophrases: 12-18m; gestures; "da"-->i want
naming explosion: 18-24m; 50 to 200 wrds; nouns most used
telegraphic speech: 18-24m; "all gone"-->my glass is em…
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language development and learning: behaviorist perspective. what is it and who found it?
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babbling-->accidental words-->reinforcement-->language
skinner
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language development and learning: nativist perspective. what is it and who found it?
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language acquisition device
innate grammer and drive to learn
Chomsky
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language development and learning: interactionist perspective. what is it and who found it?
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child learns language through social venues
cognitive abilities and context shape language develeopment
Tomasello and Snow
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what are the 5 aspects of cognitive development?
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adaptive and primitive reflexes--> first schemes (birth): ex grasping
repetitive habits focused on body: ex repetitively sucking on thumb
repetitive habits focused on environment: ex repetitively pushing a button
goal directed: ex grabbing a toy in reach
mental representation: ex. cre…
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challenges to piaget: object knowledge name all three and explain.
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object permanence: occurs as early as 4 months
A not B error: when hidden in location B infants continue to search for object in location A
object concept-->violation of expectations: infants show an interest in impossible conditions
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challenges to piaget: symbols (name and explain)
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imitation:
-can imitate facial expressions after 24 hour delay at 6 weeks
-can imitate toy production after a 24 hour delay at 14 months
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obesity in early childhood
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13.9% of 2-5 year olds in the U.S. are considered overweight
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how much sleep do children need in early childhood? when do night terrors begin?
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need about 11 hours a night
night terrors begin at about age 3
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3 year old motor development
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can jump 15-24 inches
can hop, jump, run
draw 0 and +
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4 year olds motor development
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can jump 24-33 inches
can climb stairs, use jungle gyms
copy the figure X
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5 year olds motor development
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can jump 28-36 inches
kick a rolling ball, ride a bike
can trace around hand
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brain development: lateralization
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corpus callosum
language localized in left hemisphere
handedness appears: 83% right, 14% left, 3% ambidextrous
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brain development: myelination
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reticular formation-->attention, concentration
hippocampus--->long-term memory
makes processing more efficient (faster conduction)
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brain development: growth spurts
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increase in number/size of synaptic connections
massive reorganization and growth of frontal lobe
increased dopamine concentration-->better memory and attention
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the prefrontal cortex (what age does it develop and what does it do?)
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extensive development from 3-6 years of age
believe to play important roles in attention and working memory
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semiotic (symbolic) function
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marks the end of the sensorimotor stage and the beginning of the pre-operational stage
able to hold information in your mind
18-24 months
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pre-operational stage occurs when and what 5 things does it include?
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2-7 years
egocentrism
animism (give life to inanimate objects)
categorization (able to categorize information)
centration (only focused on one piece of information at a time)
pretend play
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2-7 years
egocentrism
animism (give life to inanimate objects)
categorization (able to categorize information)
centration (only focused on one piece of information at a time)
pretend play
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symbolic function
2-4 years
symbolic functions include scribbles drawings representing objects; take information you know exists and use it yourself
egocentrism (inability to distinguish between one's perspective and someone else's) and animism (giving "life" to inanimate objects)
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what is the second substage of the pre-operational stage called? what age? uses what 2 things? explain them
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intuitive thought
4-7 years old
intuitive thought (child uses primitive reasoning; problem solving not logical; lacks conservation abilities; have an idea of cause and effect but dont put them together) and the "why" question stage (actually want to know why something is happening)
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Freud's perspective: anal stage what age? what 3 things happen? explain them
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1-3 years
pleasure in sense of personal control: exert control over the environment
toilet training forces outside control
fixations:
-parents are too strict-->anal retentive (overly concerned with perfection)
-parents are too lax-->anal expulsive (rebellious b/c lack of control)
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Freud's perspective: phallic stage what age? what happens? what 3 things come out of it? explain them
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3-6 years
identify with same sex parent; girls achieve higher morality than boys
pleasure is power
oedipus/electra complex: desire for opposite sex parent; fear of same sex parent; identification with same-sex parent
fixations:
-problems w/ gender behavior
-sexual dysfunction
-prob…
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erikson's perspective: autonomy vs. shame and doubt what age? what happens? parents need to do what? what happens if you dont explore?
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1-3 years
movement allows independence -->trying to become independent
parent needs to:
-provide enough freedom for children to develop a sense of independent self
-set limits in order to protect children
if dont explore would be left with shame and doubt
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erikson's perspective: initiative vs. guilt what age? what 3 things happen? parents need to do what?
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3-5 years or preschool
new cognitive skill--> planning
allows preschoolers to take initiative
morality and virtue
parents need to:
-scaffold appropriate challenges
-redefine their expectations
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what are the sex/gender roles? what is the definition of sex? what is the definition of gender?
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culturally determined behaviors associated with males and females
sex- biologically based
gender- socially based
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what is the gender concept?
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understanding what it means to be a boy or a girl
classifying gendered behavior
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psychoanalytic perspective: freud's phallic stage what age? involves what?
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5 years old
oedipal/electra complex
children learn gender as they reconnect with the same sex parent (accepting roles that the same sex parent does)
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cognitive approaches: gender identity what age? what happens?
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9-12 months to 3 years
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cognitive approaches: gender stability what age? what happens?
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4 years
"I will always be a boy"
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cognitive approaches: gender constancy
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5 years
"He's a boy, even though he has long hair"
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gender constancy theory what happens and at what age? what problem is there and at what age?
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once constancy develops: children pay more attention to same-sex model; children begin to perform gender
-age 5
problem: children choose gender typed toys prior to gaining gender constancy
-as early as 12 months
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gender schema theory what happens and at what age? what 2 things does it allow and what does it result in?
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schema--> a mental structure for organizing information
-2-3 years old form male and female schemas
allows:
-formation of gender concept
-self-identification
results in same-sex friend/toy preferences
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what is the social cognitive approaches?what 3 things happen to the children?
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people engage in sex-typed treatment
children:
-pay attention and emulate same-sex models
-reinforced for same-sex behaviors
-punished for opposite-sex behaviors
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what is the timing and possible explanations of gender segregation? where does it happen?
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begins 3-4 years old and peaks in middle childhood
explanations: gendered play preferences and socialization
happens cross-culturally
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What is the theory of mind? what happens at that age 2-3? at 4-5? beyond 5 years?
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an understanding that other have minds similar but not exactly the same as our own
2-3: perceptions, emotions, desires
4-5: false beliefs (identify object as one thing when it appears differently) and limitations on when mental activity is occurring
beyond 5: multiple perspectives
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morals: psychoanalytic perspective of freud?
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superego continues to develop:
-conscience: "good people dont..."; guilt motivate moral behavior
-ego ideal: "good people do..."; shame
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morals: psychoanalytic perspective of erikson?
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children continue to learn moral rules from parents
morality is guided by emotions
**guilt, shame and pride develop by age 6
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morals: cognitive perspective of piaget?
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-heteronomous morality: age 4-7; moral realism; rules are inviolate; authorities are absolute; consequence is important; rule violation is connected to punishment
-autonomous morality: age 10-12; moral relativism; rules can be changed if everyone agrees; punishment only occurs if get cau…
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moral development: kohlberg's perspective pre-conventional morality? (what age and what are the 2 stages)
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middle childhood
stage 1: obedience and punishment
stage 2: individualism and exchange
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moral development: kohlberg's perspective conventional morality? (what age and what are the 2 stages)
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13- 16 years
stage 3: good interpersonal relationships
stage 4: maintaining social order
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moral development: kohlberg's perspective post-conventional morality? (what age and what are the 2 stages)
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16 years and older
stage 5: social contract and individual rights
stage 6: universal principles
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what are the 6 stages to heinz's dilemma (experiment) responses to kohlbergs theory?
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1 obedience and punishment
2 individualism and exchange
3 good interpersonal relationships
4 maintaining social order
5 social contract and individual rights
6 universal principles
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what are the criticisms of kohlberg's theory?
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too much emphasis on thought, not enough emphasis on behavior
poor measure of moral reasoning
dismissed family and peer relations as influences of moral values
may not be universal (culturally influenced)
research indicates-->child focus on consequence of action; male bias
doesnt dis…
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moral development: gilligan's perspective. what are the 3 different levels? explain them
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level 1: orientation towards self-interest
-overcome selfishness
-develop responsibility
level 2: identification of goodness with responsibility for others
-overcome conformity
-develop inner judgement
level 3: focusing on the dynamics between self and others
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morality and lying
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lying increase as children age
a majority of lies in childhood are "white lies" (aka pro-social lives)
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physical development: motor skills in middle childhood?
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increase myelination of the CNS yields improvement in motor skills
girls outperform boys in fine motor skills
boys outperform girls in gross motor skills
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physical development: growth in middle childhood?
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2-3 inches per year until age 11
girls are taller than boys
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cognitive development: piagets concrete operational stage includes what 4 things? and explain them
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classification: classify and divide (ex: family tree)
seriation: order stimuli or objects (ex: ordering sticks by length)
transitivity: combine relationships for understanding (ex: if A is longer than B and B is longer than C, which is the longest?)
conservation: change in shape doesnt…
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metacognition
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knowledge about knowing
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middle childhood memory
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STM: increase until age 7
LTM: increases during middle and late childhood
metamemory: knowledge about memory
expertise-->chess players
strategies-->mental imagery for remembering verbal information
fuzzy trace theory--> increased in gist memory
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gathering hypothesis
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girls are better at spatial location memory
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hunting hypothesis
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boys are better at navigation and mental rotation
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psychosexual development: freud's perspective; latency what age? explain it
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6-12 years
repressed sexual interest--> avoiding children of the opposite sex
children should establish relationships with same-sex friends
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social and emotional development: eriksons perspective- industry vs. inferiority what age? explain
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6 years- puberty
industry- master knowledge and intellectual skills-->competence (culturally defined)
inferiority- feeling incompetent and unproductive
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PSY 200: EDP Quiz #2