64 Cards in this Set
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classical conditioning
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when a neutral stimulus prod a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally prod a response
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acquisition
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the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and US are presented together. ex. bell + food
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second order conditioning
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when CS is paired with a stimulus thats also associated with the US in an earlier procedure
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Rescorla-Wagner
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found that conditioning was easier if the CS was an unfamiliar event
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Biological preparedness
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a propensity for learning certain types of associations over others, so some behaviors are easier to condition
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Garcia and others
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studied food aversion in rats using injection/radiation that caused vomiting/nausea. food aversion is easy to prod bc its biologically adaptive
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operant conditioning
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consequences of behavior determine if it will be repeated in the future
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law of effect
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behaviors followed by a satisfying state of affairs tend to be repeated and those that produce an unpleasant state of affairs are less likely to be repeated
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reinforcer
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any stimulus that functions to INCREASE the likelihood of behavior that led to it
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punisher
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any stimulus that functions to DECREASE the likelihood of behavior that led to it
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positive reinforcement
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rewarding stimulus is presented
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negative reinforcement
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rewarding stimulus is REMOVED
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what type of reinforcement increases likelihood of behavior
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positive and negative reinforcement
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what type of punishment decreases likelihood of behavior
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positive and negative punishment
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latent learning
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something is learned but not manifested as behavioral change until later
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observational learning
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bobo dolls
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implicit learning
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takes place independent of awareness
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semantic encoding
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relating new info in a meaningful way to knowledge thats already stored. happens in temporal and frontal lobe
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organizational encoding
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categorizing info to the relationship among a series of items
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iconic memory
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fast decaying store of visual info
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echoic memory
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fast decaying store of auditory info
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short term memory
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hold info for a few secs to a minute
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anterograde amnesia
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inability to trf new info from short term into long term store. damage to hippocampus
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retrograde amnesia
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inability to retrive info that was acquired before a particular date (ex. date of injury/accident)
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consolidation
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process by which memories become stable in the brain
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reconsolidation
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memories can become vulnerable to disruption when they are recalled, requiring them to be consolidated again
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long term potentiation
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communication across synapse between neurons strengthens the connection, making further communication easier
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retrieval clues
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external info associated with stored info that helps bring it to mind
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explicit memory
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conscious retrieval of past experience
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implicit memory
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past experience influences later behavior even w/o effort to remember those experiences
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priming
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enhances ability to think of a stimulus as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus
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semantic memory
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facts and general knowledge
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transience
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forgetting what occurs with passage of time
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Ebbinghaus
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measured his own memory and made forgetting curve
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forgetting curve
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most forgetting happens soon after event occurs with increasingly less forgetting with time
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retroactive interference
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later learning impairs memory for info that was acquired earlier
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proactive interference
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earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later
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suggestibility
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tendency to incorporate misleading info from external source into personal recollections
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Loftus study
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25% of participants recalled falsely planted memories. so recovered memories can be inaccurate due to suggestibillity
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bias
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distorting influences of present knowledge/feelings on recollection of previous experiences
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persistence
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intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget
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flash bulb memory
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detailed recollection of when/where we heard about shocking events
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amygdyla
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creates memories of strong emotional events
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just noticeable difference
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minimal change in stimulus that can barely be detected
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webers law
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the just noticeable difference of a stimulus is a constant proportion despite variations in intensity
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signal detection theory
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response to a stimulus depends on a persons sensitivity to the stimulus in presence of other noise
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sensory adaptation
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sensitivity to a prolonged stimulus that tends to decline over time
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3 properties of light waves
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length (hue, color), amplitude (intensity, brightness), purity (saturation/richness of colors)
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relative size
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retinal image size, used to perceive distance
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linear perspective
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parallel lines coverging in distance
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texture gradient
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size of elements on a patterned surface grows smaller as the surface recedes from observer
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interposition
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when one object blocks another, the blocking object is closer
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relative height
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objects closer to you are lower in visual feild
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binocular disparity
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the difference in retinal images of two eyes that provides info about DEPTH
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change blindness
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when people fail to detect changes to visual details of a scene
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inattentional blindness
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a failure to perceive objects that are not the focus of attention
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3 properties of sound waves
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frequency, amplitude, complexity
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place code
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used for high frequencies, process by which diff frequencies stimulate neural signals at specific places along basilar membrane
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temporal code
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low frequencies of pitch, via the firing rate of action potentials entering auditory nerve
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hapatic perception
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active exploration of the env by touching/grasping objects w/ our hands
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a delta fibers
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transmit sharp pain signals
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c fibers
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transmit slower, longer lasting dull pain
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gate control theory
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signals from pain receptors in body can be stopped by interneurons in spinal cords via feedback from two directions. ex. rubbing a stubbed toe
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vestibular system
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maintains balance via fluid filled semicircular canals
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PSY 200: EDP Quiz #2