PSY 200 1st Edition Lecture 4Outline of Last Lecture I. AdaptationII. Characteristics of EPMs (evolved psychological mechanisms)III. Four classes of adaptive problems and their theoretical components IV. Reading: Discovering the Life Span pages 13-15, 23Outline of Current Lecture I. How evolutionary theory influenced Freud II. Three components of the human psycheIII. Psychosexual stagesIV. Common defense mechanisms Current LectureI. How evolutionary theory influenced Freud- Sigmund Freud was a physician who identified the life-preservative instincts of the need for air, water, shelter, etc. and the sexual instincts of breastfeeding, defecating and mature sexuality. These ideas led to his theories concerning the development of the individual personality. Freud’s psychoanalytic theory consists of the unconscious forces or instincts that drive human development and behavior and also the unconscious mind is primitive and has evolved like how physical traits evolved. Humans are born with instinctual/psychic energy which is known as the libido. The libido energizes and drives all human activity. There is positive energy, known as eros which includes hope and sexual desire. Thanatos is the negative death energy that includes aggression. II. Three components of the human psyche- The human psyche is an individual’s personality in which all contain an Id, Ego and Superego.- Id is the raw part of the personality and the main source of all the psyche energy.The Id is present from birth and is the unconscious part of the personality. The libido for the Id operates on the pleasure principle and seeks for instant gratification. For example, if a baby needs to pee, then the baby will pee. - Ego is the rational and reasonable part of the personality and it can operate in the unconscious, preconscious and conscious state of mind. The Ego develops These notes represent a detailed interpretation of the professor’s lecture. GradeBuddy is best used as a supplement to your own notes, not as a substitute.around two to three years of age. It requires being psychologically healthy and having an ego strength in order to use it properly. The Ego operates only on the reality principle and seeks delayed gratification. For example, if an individual feelsthe need to pee, their ego will tell them it is appropriate to wait to go until they go to the bathroom.- Superego is the behavior according to parental/cultural expectations. The superego develops around five to six years of age. The source of the superego generally comes from the parents of the caregivers and their rules and expectations. The superego includes the ego ideal and the conscience which results in morality. For example, an individual may wait till they get home to go tothe bathroom (suppressing their urges until it is appropriate to release them). - The iceberg metaphor is an image of the conscious state of mind being above the water while the preconscious (superego) and unconscious (id) are under water on an iceberg, the ego is present throughout the whole spectrum. This metaphor represents what the human mind is aware of an unaware of. III. Psychosexual stages- The psychosexual stages are also known as the development stages and are characterized by different demands for sexual gratification. All of these stages occur during childhood, the time of the most development, until puberty. In eachstage there is an area of intense psychic energy (libido) and tension that must be reduced that will lead to pleasure or gratification. If there is too much gratification or pleasure it can lead to a fixation or other developmental problems.- The first stage is the oral stage which is from birth to one years old. The important aspect of this stage is for the infant to begin learning about their external environment through incorporating objects in their mouth. The pleasureof this stage is ingestion related pleasures such as breastfeeding and oral stimulation like pacifiers. The crisis in this stage that the infant has to overcome isthe weaning process. A fixation may occur if weaning isn’t accomplished such as oral behaviors like nail biting or smoking cigarettes. - Anal stage occurs from age one to about age three. The important part of this stage is to acquire personal power and control through the elimination of body wastes. The crisis to overcome is potty training in which they will gain some independence. Fixation may involve order and control/disorder and rebellion.- Phallic stage occurs from age three to age six. In this stage, children begin the development of sex-role identification. Pleasure during this stage includes self-stimulation/genital play. Children are on a pursuit of a love relationship with the opposite-sex parent. This is due to the Oedipus complex for boys which involves castration anxiety. The son will fear that his desire for his mother will upset his father who will castrate him. This is resolved through the son identifying himself with his father in order to form a masculine identity. The Electra complex for girls is where they experience penis envy. The daughter wants to be with her father so she wonders why she doesn’t have a penis which leads to her eventually succumbing to her mother with who she can identify herself with and begin developing her sex-role. The fixation of children at this age is when they donot succumb to their same-sex parent and this can lead to sexual deviancy or poor relationships. - Latency stage occurs from age six on to puberty and this is where nothing really happens. This stage is when children develop friendships. The gendered personalities continue to develop through friendships with the same-sex. - The last stage is the genital stage from puberty on. This is where individuals mature sexually and establish adult romantic partners. The pleasure in this stage involves sexual experiences and relationships. The crisis that must be overcome deals with sexual maturity and the ability of the individual to let go of their parents and attach themselves to their partner. This may cause a fixation or conflict and can lead to immature sexuality. IV. Common defense mechanisms - When sexual behaviors are repressed, neurotic behavior may occur which may lead the individual to develop defense mechanisms as a way to not deal with their issues. Common defense mechanisms include:Repression: keeping harmful memories buried in the unconscious (failure to remember an event)Regression: returning to an