81 Cards in this Set
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what is the study of mind and behavior?
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psychology
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mind
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private inner experience of perceptions, thoughts, memories, feelings. an ever flowing stream of conciousness
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what are the 3 questions in psychology?
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where does the mind come from?
what is the mind for?
why does the mind fail?
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plato believed what about knowledge?
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nativism: certain types of knowledge is innate of inborn. "nature"
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artistotle believed what about knowledge?
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philosophical empiricism: all knowledge is acquired through experience.
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phrenology
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detailed study of shape and size of brain
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physiology
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deals with body function
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who taught the first course in psych in 1867 and opened the first lab?
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Wilhelm Wundt
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structuralism,
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the analysis of basic elements that constitute the mind
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who came up with structuralism
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wundt, thought that consciousness could be broken into parts
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introspection
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method that asks people to report on their subjective experience. not a good research method
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functionalism
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study of the purpose that mental processes serve
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who came up with functionalism
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william james, thought that consciousness was a "stream"
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hysteria
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temporary loss of cognitive/motor function as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences.
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psychoanalytic theory
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an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thought, behavior
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who came up with the humanistic theory
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maslow and rogers
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humanistic psych
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emphasizes positive potential of humans. view people as free agents with inherent need to develop, grow, attain full potential
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who came up with behaviorism?
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watson
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behaviorism
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study of only observable behavior
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behaviorism is also known as ____ and ____ psych
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Stimulus and Response (S & R)
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who did the dog experiment with food and bells?
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pavlov
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who developed the concept of reinforcement within the behaviorism theory?
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BF skinner
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gestalt psych
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emphasizes the active role that the mind plays in generating the perceptual experience.
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cognitive psych
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study of mental processes such as perception, thought, memory
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behavioral neuroscience
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links psychological processes to activities in nervous system and bodily processes
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cognitive neuroscience
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link b/t cognitive process and brain activity
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empiricism
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belief that knowledge can be acquired through observation
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operational definition
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description of a property in discrete measurable terms
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validity
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goodness with which something measures what its suppose to
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reliability
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tendency for an instrument to produce the same measurement whenever its used to measure the same thing
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demand characteristics
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aspects of an observational setting that cause people to behave as they think someone else expects/would like them to
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statistically significant
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difference in both control groups are statistically significant when they're unlikely to be caused by a third variable.
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external validity
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attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, realistic way
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internal validity
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attribute of an experiment that allow sit to establish causal relationship
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causal relationship
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things in experiment are going as they should in order for us to draw conclusions about a causal relationship
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dendrites
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receive info from other neurons
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axon
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carries info to other neurons
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resting potential
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diff in electrical charge between inside and outside of a neuron's cell membrane. K+ flow freely, Na+ stays out, -70mV
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action potential
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an electrical signal conducted along a neuron's axon to synapse if threshold is reached. K+ channels shut down, Na+ channels open, +40mV
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nodes of ranvier
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space b/t the myelin sheath in an axon
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terminal buttons
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knob like structures that branch out from axon. filled with vesicles containing neurotransmitters.
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which neuron contains receptor sites?
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post synaptic neuron, receives the neurotransmitters
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what 3 ways is the synapse cleared?
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- reuptake process: neurotransmitter reabsorbed by terminal buttons of presynaptic neuron
- enzyme deactivation: neurotransmitter can be destroyed in synapse
- neurotransmitter can bind to auto receptors
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Ach function
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voluntary motor control, regulation of attention, sleep, memory (alzeimers = not enough ach)
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endorphins
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act with pain pathways and emotion centers
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hind brain contains what structures?
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- medulla oblongata
ceberebllum
reticular formation
pons
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medulla oblongata
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regulates HR, circulation, respiration
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reticular formation
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regulates sleep, wakefulness, arousal, balance b/t alertness and conciousness
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cerebellum
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controls fine motor skills
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pons
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relays info from cerebellum to rest of brain
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forebrain contains what structures
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thalamus
hypothalamus
hippocampus
amygdala
basal ganglia
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thalamus
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relays and filters info from senses to the cerebral cortex. all major senses except smell
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hypothalamus
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regulates temp, thirst, sexual behavior, controls pituitary gland
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hippocampus
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creating new memories and integrating them into the brain
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amygdala
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emotional processes and memories
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basal ganglia
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intentional movement
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cerebral cortex controls?
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perception, emotion, movement, thought
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corpus callosum
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connect 2 sides of cerebral cortex
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parietal lobe
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info about touch,
somatosensory cortex - represents skin areas on body (homunculus)
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temporal lobe
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hearing and language,
visual asso area
primary auditory cortex
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frontal lobe
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movement, abstract thinking, planning, memory, judgement,
motor cortex
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association area
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composed of neurons that provide sense and meaning to info registered in cortex
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plasticity
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sensory cortices can adapt to changes in sensory input
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left hemisphere
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processes language and speaking
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right hemisphere
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visual info
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which brain imaging techniques show the structure of the brain?
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CT scan
MRI
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which brain imaging techniques show the functioning of the brain?
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PET
fMRI
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consciousness
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persons subjective experience of the mind
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phenomenology
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how things seem to the conscious person
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problem of other minds
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fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others
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four basic properties of conciousness
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intentionality: directed toward an object
unity: resistance to division
selectivity : include some, disclude others
transience: tendency to change
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levels of consciousness
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- minimal consciousness
- full consciousness
- self concious: person drawn to self as object
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mental control
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attempt to change conscious state of mind
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rebound effect of thought supression
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the tendency of a thought to return to consciousness with greater frequency
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ironic processes of mental control
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ironic errors occur bc the mental processes that monitor errors can itself produce them
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repression
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a mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories
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cognitive unconscious
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factory that builds the products of conscious thought and behavior
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subliminal perception
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when thought/behavior is influenced by stimuli that a person cannot consciously report perceiving
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theories of dreaming
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freud
activation synthesis: brain tries to make sense of random neural activity during sleep
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what parts of brain are active during sleep
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amygdala, visual asso area, motor cortex active (but spinal neurons inhibit movement)
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what parts of brain are not/less active in sleep
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visual perception area, prefrontal cortex
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PSY 200: EDP Quiz #2